Oxford Business English International Express Elementary Pdf Writer

Ninth edition first published in 2015: Includes over 185,000 words, phrases and meanings (with 700+ new words and meanings). Added Express yourself notes, Wordfinder notes. DVD software support Windows 7, Mac OS X 10.6. DVD includes dictionary, British and American English audio, Oxford iSpeaker, Oxford iWriter,. Author: David Baker. Binding: Soft cover. Publication date: 2014. Format: Book+DVD. Level: B1-B2. Publisher: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. Language: English.

Signature Karl Marx (; German:; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a,,,,, and. Born in to a middle-class family, Marx later studied and. As an adult, Marx became and spent much of his life in, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker and published various works. His two most well-known are the 1848 and the three-volume. His work has since influenced subsequent intellectual, economic and political history.

Marx's theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as —hold that human societies develop through. In, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the ) that control the and working classes (known as the ) that enable these means by selling their in return for wages. Employing a critical approach known as, Marx predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system:. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and, would eventuate the working class' development of, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, society constituted by a. Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and his work has been both lauded and.

His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to, and subsequent economic thought. Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas.

Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern. Marx's birthplace, now Bruckenstrasse 10, in Trier.

The family occupied two rooms on the ground floor and three on the first floor. Purchased by the in 1928, it now houses a museum devoted to him Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the, interested in the ideas of the philosophers and. A, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, then governed by an. In 1815, Heinrich Marx began work as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the. His wife,, was a Dutch Jewish woman from a prosperous business family that later founded the company. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both and and great-grandmother to.

Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London. Little is known of Marx's childhood. The third of nine children, he became the oldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819. Young Marx and his surviving siblings, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie and Caroline, were into the Lutheran Church in August 1824 and their mother in November 1825. Young Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830, when he entered Trier High School, whose headmaster, Hugo Wyttenbach, was a friend of his father. By employing many as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. Subsequently, police raided the school in 1832 and discovered that literature espousing political liberalism was being distributed among the students.

Considering the distribution of such material a seditious act, the authorities instituted reforms and replaced several staff during Marx's attendance. In October 1835 at the age of 17, Marx travelled to the wishing to study philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on law as a more practical field. Due to a condition referred to as a 'weak chest', Marx was excused from military duty when he turned 18. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police. Marx also joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society ( Landsmannschaft der Treveraner), at one point serving as club co-president. Additionally, Marx was involved in certain disputes, some of which became serious: in August 1836 he took part in a duel with a member of the university's Borussian Korps.

Although his grades in the first term were good, they soon deteriorated, leading his father to force a transfer to the more serious and academic. Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843 [ ] Spending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more serious about his studies and his life. He became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, an educated baroness of the Prussian ruling class who had known Marx since childhood. As she had broken off her engagement with a young aristocrat to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father (a liberal aristocrat) and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him. Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843 they got married in a Protestant church in.

In October 1836, Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse. Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that 'without philosophy nothing could be accomplished'.

Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles. During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club ( Doktorklub), a student group which discussed Hegelian ideas and through them became involved with a group of known as the in 1837.

They gathered around and, with Marx developing a particularly close friendship with Adolf Rutenberg. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were critical of Hegel's assumptions, but adopted his in order to criticise established society, politics and religion from a leftist perspective. Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a diminished income for the family. Marx had been emotionally close to his father and treasured his memory after his death. The first edition of, published in German in 1848 Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics.

In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including, and. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels. Later, Mary Burns, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to join Engels in Brussels.

In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to visit the leaders of the, a socialist movement in Britain. This was Marx's first trip to England and Engels was an ideal guide for the trip.

Engels had already spent two years living in Manchester from November 1842 to August 1844. Hill Rom Isolette C2000 Service Manual here. Not only did Engels already know the English language, he had also developed a close relationship with many Chartist leaders. Indeed, Engels was serving as a reporter for many Chartist and socialist English newspapers.

Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester. In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of,. In this work, Marx broke with,, and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with and other 'true socialists' whose philosophies were still based in part on 'idealism'. In German Ideology, Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history. German Ideology is written in a humorously satirical form, but even this satirical form did not save the work from censorship. Like so many other early writings of his, German Ideology would not be published in Marx's lifetime and would be published only in 1932.

After completing German Ideology, Marx turned to a work that was intended to clarify his own position regarding 'the theory and tactics' of a truly 'revolutionary proletarian movement' operating from the standpoint of a truly 'scientific materialist' philosophy. This work was intended to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's own scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that people must be persuaded one person at a time to join the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to adopt any different belief, Marx knew that people would tend on most occasions to act in accordance with their own economic interests, thus appealing to an entire class (the working class in this case) with a broad appeal to the class's best material interest would be the best way to mobilise the broad mass of that class to make a revolution and change society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the government censors he called the book (1847) and offered it as a response to the 'petty bourgeois philosophy' of the French anarchist socialist as expressed in his book (1840). Marx, Engels and Marx's daughters These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as. While residing in Brussels in 1846, Marx continued his association with the secret radical organisation. As noted above, Marx thought the League to be just the sort of radical organisation that was needed to spur the working class of Europe toward the mass movement that would bring about a working class revolution.

However, to organise the working class into a mass movement the League had to cease its 'secret' or 'underground' orientation and operate in the open as a political party. Members of the League eventually became persuaded in this regard. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its membership into a new open 'above ground' political society that appealed directly to the working classes. This new open political society was called the Communist League. Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing the programme and organisational principles of the new.

In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work — a programme of action for the. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, was first published on 21 February 1848. The Communist Manifesto laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League.

No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding its beliefs as the League of the Just had been doing. The opening lines of the pamphlet set forth the principal basis of Marxism: 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles'. It goes on to examine the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising in the clashes of interest between the (the wealthy capitalist class) and the (the industrial working class). Proceeding on from this, the Manifesto presents the argument for why the Communist League, as opposed to other socialist and liberal political parties and groups at the time, was truly acting in the interests of the proletariat to overthrow capitalist society and to replace it with socialism. Later that year, Europe experienced a series of protests, rebellions and often violent upheavals that became known as the.

In France, led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the. Marx was supportive of such activity and having recently received a substantial inheritance from his father (withheld by his uncle Lionel Philips since his father's death in 1838) of either 6,000 or 5,000 francs he allegedly used a third of it to arm workers who were planning revolutionary action. Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed, the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused Marx of it, subsequently arresting him and he was forced to flee back to France, where with a new republican government in power he believed that he would be safe. Cologne: 1848–1849 [ ] Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a with various German socialists living there. Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie. On 1 June, Marx started publication of a daily newspaper, the, which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a primary writer and the dominant editorial influence.

Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, according to it remained 'a simple dictatorship by Marx'. Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting, although each time he was acquitted.

Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in collapsed and the king,, introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counter-revolutionary measures to expunge leftist and other revolutionary elements from the country. Consequently, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was soon suppressed and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May. Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a epidemic and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth child and not able to move back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.

Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860 [ ] Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850 a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by and began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise 'spontaneously' to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist League was 'adventuristic' and would be suicide for the Communist League. Such an uprising as that recommended by the Schapper/Willich group would easily be crushed by the police and the armed forces of the reactionary governments of Europe. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men.

They are instead brought about through a scientific analysis of economic conditions of society and by moving toward revolution through different stages of social development. In the present stage of development ( circa 1850), following the defeat of the uprisings across Europe in 1848 he felt that the Communist League should encourage the working class to unite with progressive elements of the rising bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal aristocracy on issues involving demands for governmental reforms, such as a constitutional republic with freely elected assemblies and universal (male) suffrage. In other words, the working class must join with bourgeois and democratic forces to bring about the successful conclusion of the bourgeois revolution before stressing the working class agenda and a working class revolution. After a long struggle which threatened to ruin the Communist League, Marx's opinion prevailed and eventually the Willich/Schapper group left the Communist League. Meanwhile, Marx also became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society. The Society held their meetings in,, central London's entertainment district.

This organisation was also racked by an internal struggle between its members, some of whom followed Marx while others followed the Schapper/Willich faction. The issues in this internal split were the same issues raised in the internal split within the Communist League, but Marx lost the fight with the Schapper/Willich faction within the German Workers' Educational Society and on 17 September 1850 resigned from the Society. New York Tribune and journalism [ ] While in London, Marx devoted himself to the task of revolutionary organising of the working class. For the first few years, he and his family lived in extreme poverty. His main source of income was his colleague Engels, who derived much of his income from his family's business. Later, Marx and Engels both began writing for six different newspapers around the world in England, the United States,, Austria and South Africa.

However, most of Marx's journalistic writing was as a European correspondent for the. In earlier years, Marx had been able to communicate with the broad masses of the working class by editing his own newspaper or editing a newspaper financed by others sympathetic to his philosophy. Now in London, Marx was unable to finance his own newspaper and unable to put together financing from others, thus Marx sought to communicate with the public by writing articles for the New York Tribune and other 'bourgeois' newspapers. At first, Marx's English-language articles were translated from German by (), but eventually Marx learned English well enough to write without translation. The New York Daily Tribune had been founded in New York City in the United States by in April 1841. Marx's main contact on the Tribune was.

Later in 1868, Charles Dana would leave the Tribune to become the owner and editor-in-chief of the New York Sun, a competing newspaper in New York City. However, at this time Charles Dana served on the editorial board of the Tribune.

Several characteristics about the Tribune made the newspaper an excellent vehicle for Marx to reach a sympathetic public across the Atlantic Ocean. Since its founding, the Tribune had been an inexpensive newspaper—two cents per copy. Accordingly, it was popular with the broad masses of the working class of the United States. With a run of about 50,000 issues, the Tribune was the most widely circulated journal in the United States. Editorially, the Tribune reflected Greeley's anti-slavery opinions. Not only did the Tribune have wide readership with the United States and not only did that readership come from the working classes, but the readers seemed to be from the progressive wing of the working class. Marx's first article for the New York Tribune was on the British elections to Parliament and was published in the Tribune on 21 August 1852.

Marx was just one of the reporters in Europe that the New York Tribune employed. However, with the slavery crisis in the United States coming to a head in the late 1850s and with the outbreak of the in 1861, the American public's interest in European affairs declined. Thus Marx very early began to write on issues affecting the United States — particularly the 'slavery crisis' and the 'War Between the States'.

From December 1851 to March 1852, Marx wrote, a work on the in which he expanded upon his concepts of historical materialism, and the, advancing the argument that victorious proletariat has to smash the state. The 1850s and 1860s also mark the line between what some scholars see as the, Hegelian from the more scientifically minded writings of the later period. This distinction is usually associated with the school and not all scholars agree that it exists. The years of revolution from 1848 to 1849 had been a grand experience for both Marx and Engels. They both became sure that their economic view of the course of history was the only valid way that historic events like the revolutionary upsurge of 1848 could be adequately explained.

For some time after 1848, Marx and Engels wondered if the entire revolutionary upsurge had completely played out. As time passed, they began to think that a new revolutionary upsurge would not occur until there was another economic downturn. The question of whether a recession would be necessary to create a new in society became a point of contention between Marx and certain other revolutionaries. Marx accused these other revolutionaries of being 'adventurists' because of their belief that a revolutionary situation could be created out of thin air by the sheer 'will power' of the revolutionaries without regard to the economic realities of the current situation. The downturn in the United States economy in 1852 led Marx and Engels to wonder if a revolutionary upsurge would soon occur. However, the United States' economy was too new to play host to a classical revolution. The western frontier in America always provided a relief valve for the pent-up forces that might in other countries cause social unrest.

Any economic crisis which began in the United States would not lead to revolution unless one of the older economies of Europe 'caught the contagion' from the United States. In other words, economies of the world were still seen as individual national systems which were contiguous with the national borders of each country. The broke the mould of all prior thinking on the world economy.

Beginning in the United States, the Panic spread across the globe. Indeed, the Panic of 1857 was the first truly global economic crisis.

Marx longed to return to his economic studies, as he had left these studies in 1844 and had been preoccupied with other projects over the last thirteen years. By returning to his study of economics, Marx felt he would be able to understand more thoroughly what was occurring in the world. The First International and Capital [ ] Marx continued to write articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was sure that the Tribune's editorial policy was still progressive. However, the departure of Charles Dana from the paper in late 1861 and the resultant change in the editorial board brought about a new editorial policy.

No longer was the Tribune to be a strong paper dedicated to a complete victory. The new editorial board supported an immediate peace between the Union and the in the Civil War in the United States with slavery left intact in the Confederacy. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the Tribune. In 1864, Marx became involved in the (also known as First International), to whose General Council he was elected at its inception in 1864. In that organisation, Marx was involved in the struggle against the anarchist wing centred on (1814–1876). Although Marx won this contest, the transfer of the seat of the General Council from London to New York in 1872, which Marx supported, led to the decline of the International.

The most important political event during the existence of the International was the of 1871, when the citizens of Paris rebelled against their government and held the city for two months. In response to the bloody suppression of this rebellion, Marx wrote one of his most famous pamphlets, ', a defence of the Commune. Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand capitalism and spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the studying and reflecting on the works of and on economic data. By 1857, Marx had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital,, wage labour, the state and foreign trade and the world market, though this work did not appear in print until 1939 under the title. In the 1870s The successful sales of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to finish work on the three large volumes that would compose his major life's work— Das Kapital and the, which discussed the theoreticians of political economy, particularly and.

Theories of Surplus Value is often referred to as the fourth volume book of Das Kapital and constitutes one of the first comprehensive treatises on the. In 1867, the first volume of Das Kapital was published, a work which analysed the capitalist process of production. Here Marx elaborated his, which had been influenced. Marx acknowledged Hodgskin's 'admirable work' Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital at more than one point in Capital. Indeed, Marx quoted Hodgskin as recognising the alienation of labour that occurred under modern capitalist production. No longer was there any 'natural reward of individual labour.

Each labourer produces only some part of a whole, and each part having no value or utility of itself, there is nothing on which the labourer can seize, and say: 'This is my product, this will I keep to myself'. In this first volume of Capital, Marx outlined his conception of and, which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism. Demand for a Russian language edition of Capital soon led to the printing of 3,000 copies of the book in the Russian language, which was published on 27 March 1872. By the autumn of 1871, the entire first edition of the German language edition of Capital had been sold out and a second edition was published.

Volumes II and III of Capital remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx continued to work for the rest of his life. Both volumes were published by Engels after Marx's death. Volume II of Capital was prepared and published by Engels in July 1893 under the name Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital. Volume III of Capital was published a year later in October 1894 under the name Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole.

Theories of Surplus Value was developed from the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863 which comprise Volumes 30, 31 32 and 33 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels and from the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1864 which comprises Volume 34 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. The exact part of the Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863 which makes up the Theories of Surplus Value are the last part of Volume 30 of the Collected Works, the whole of Volume 31 of the Collected Works and the whole of Volume 32 of the Collected Works. A German language abridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published in 1905 and in 1910. This abridged edition was translated into English and published in 1951 in London, but the complete unabridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published as the 'fourth volume' of Capital in 1963 and 1971 in Moscow. Marx in 1882 During the last decade of his life, Marx's health declined and he became incapable of the sustained effort that had characterised his previous work. He did manage to comment substantially on contemporary politics, particularly in Germany and Russia.

His opposed the tendency of his followers and to compromise with the of in the interests of a united socialist party. This work is also notable for another famous Marx quote: '. In a letter to dated 8 March 1881, Marx contemplated the possibility of Russia's bypassing the capitalist stage of development and building communism on the basis of the common ownership of land characteristic of the village. While admitting that Russia's rural 'commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia', Marx also warned that in order for the mir to operate as a means for moving straight to the socialist stage without a preceding capitalist stage it 'would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it (the rural commune) from all sides'.

Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that 'normal conditions of spontaneous development' of the rural commune could exist. However, in the same letter to Vera Zasulich he points out that 'at the core of the capitalist system. Lies the complete separation of the producer from the means of production'.

In one of the drafts of this letter, Marx reveals his growing passion for anthropology, motivated by his belief that future communism would be a return on a higher level to the communism of our prehistoric past. He wrote that 'the historical trend of our age is the fatal crisis which capitalist production has undergone in the European and American countries where it has reached its highest peak, a crisis that will end in its destruction, in the return of modern society to a higher form of the most archaic type—collective production and appropriation'. He added that 'the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. Societies, and, a fortiori, that of modern capitalist societies'. Before he died, Marx asked Engels to write up these ideas, which were published in 1884 under the title. Personal life [ ] Family [ ].

Jenny Carolina and Jenny Laura Marx (1869), as all the Marx daughters were named in honour of their mother Jenny von Westphalen) Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, but partly owing to the poor conditions in which they lived whilst in London, only three survived to adulthood. The children were: (m. Longuet; 1844–1883); (m. Lafargue; 1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward Guy ('Guido'; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances ('Franziska'; 1851–1852); (1855–1898) and one more who died before being named (July 1857).

There are allegations that Marx also fathered a son, Freddy, out of wedlock by his housekeeper,. Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down. While in Paris, he used that of 'Monsieur Ramboz', whilst in London he signed off his letters as 'A. His friends referred to him as 'Moor', owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, while he encouraged his children to call him 'Old Nick' and 'Charley'. He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his friends and family as well, referring to Friedrich Engels as 'General', his housekeeper Helene as 'Lenchen' or 'Nym', while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as 'Qui Qui, ' and another, Laura, was known as ' or 'the '. Health [ ] Marx was afflicted by poor health (what he himself described as 'the wretchedness of existence') and various authors have sought to describe and explain it.

His biographer Werner Blumenberg attributed it to liver and gall problems which Marx had in 1849 and from which he was never afterwards free, exacerbated by an unsuitable lifestyle. The attacks often came with headaches, eye inflammation, neuralgia in the head and rheumatic pains. A serious nervous disorder appeared in 1877 and protracted insomnia was a consequence, which Marx fought with narcotics. The illness was aggravated by excessive nocturnal work and faulty diet. Marx was fond of highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, 'none of which are good for liver patients', but he also liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous amount 'and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars'. From 1863, Marx complained a lot about boils: 'These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes'.

The abscesses were so bad that Marx could neither sit nor work upright. According to Blumenberg, Marx's irritability is often found in liver patients: The illness emphasised certain traits in his character. He argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and cruel. Though in general Marx had a blind faith in his closest friends, nevertheless he himself complained that he was sometimes too mistrustful and unjust even to them.

His verdicts, not only about enemies but even about friends, were sometimes so harsh that even less sensitive people would take offence There must have been few whom he did not criticize like this not even Engels was an exception. According to Princeton historian J.E. Seigel, in his late teens Marx may have had pneumonia or pleurisy, the effects of which led to his being exempted from Prussian military service. In later life whilst working on Capital (which he never completed), Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, bad diet and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night.

A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, 'was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life — alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep — all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime'. In Professor Siegel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl Marx by his father. In 2007, a of Marx's skin disease was made by Sam Shuster of and for Shuster the most probable explanation was that Marx suffered not from liver problems, but from, a recurring infective condition arising from blockage of ducts opening into. This condition, which was not described in the English medical literature until 1933 (hence would not have been known to Marx's physicians), can produce joint pain (which could be misdiagnosed as rheumatic disorder) and painful eye conditions. To arrive at his retrodiagnosis, Shuster considered the primary material: the Marx correspondence published in the 50 volumes of the Marx/Engels Collected Works.

There, 'although the skin lesions were called 'furuncules', 'boils' and 'carbuncles' by Marx, his wife and his physicians, they were too persistent, recurrent, destructive and site-specific for that diagnosis'. The sites of the persistent 'carbuncles' were noted repeatedly in the armpits, groins,, ( and ) and regions and inner thighs, 'favoured sites of hidradenitis suppurativa'. Professor Shuster claimed the diagnosis 'can now be made definitively'. Shuster went on to consider the potential effects of the disease, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces much psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood and well-being, feelings for which Shuster found 'much evidence' in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster went on to ask himself whether the mental effects of the disease affected Marx's work and even helped him to develop. Memorial to Karl Marx, East, London Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life.

It eventually brought on the and that killed him in London on 14 March 1883 (age 64), dying a. Family and friends in London buried his body in (East), Highgate, London on 17 March 1883 in an area reserved for agnostics and atheists ('s grave is nearby). There were between nine and eleven mourners at his funeral. Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including and Friedrich Engels. Engels' speech included the passage: On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever.

Marx's surviving daughters and, as well as and, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were also in attendance. He had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter dying a few months earlier in January 1883. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French. Two from workers' parties in France and Spain were also read out. Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral. Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852; G.

Lochner, whom Engels described as 'an old member of the Communist League'; and, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the and a communist activist involved in the 1848. Another attendee of the funeral was, a British zoologist who would later become a prominent academic. Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a 'significant portion' of his $4.8 million estate. Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby in November 1954. The memorial at the new site, unveiled on 14 March 1956, bears the carved message: ', the final line of The Communist Manifesto; and from the 11th ' (edited by Engels): 'The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways—the point however is to change it'. The had the monument with a portrait bust by erected and Marx's original tomb had only humble adornment. In 1970, there was an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the monument using a homemade bomb.

The late Marxist historian remarked: 'One cannot say Marx died a failure' because although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the leftist movements in Germany and Russia. Within 25 years of his death, the continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics were each gaining between 15 and 47 per cent in those countries with elections. Thought [ ] Part of on. The philosophers and, whose ideas on dialectics heavily influenced Marx Like Tocqueville, who described a faceless and bureaucratic despotism with no identifiable despot, Marx also broke with classical thinkers who spoke of a single tyrant and with, who discussed the nature of the single despot.

Instead, Marx set out to analyse 'the despotism of capital'. Fundamentally, Marx assumed that involves transforming, which encompasses both human beings and material objects.

Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves. For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a agent, renders its potential counterpart an to be apprehended. Marx further argues that by moulding nature in desired ways the subject takes the object as its own and thus permits the individual to be actualised as fully human. For Marx, the — Gattungswesen, or —exists as a function of human labour. Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that in order for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, material objects in the subject's world.

Marx acknowledges that Hegel 'grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his own work', but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly 'spiritual' and abstract. Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that 'the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects'. Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian 'work' into material ' and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term '. Labour, class struggle and false consciousness [ ]. — Karl Marx, Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power. He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of.

As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception. Capitalism mediates social relationships of production (such as among workers or between workers and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, that are bought and sold on the market. For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour—one's capacity to transform the world—is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss. Marx described this loss as, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt. Commodity fetishism provides an example of what Engels called ', which relates closely to the understanding of ideology.

By 'ideology', Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal. Marx and Engels's point was not only that such beliefs are at best half-truths, as they serve an important political function.

Put another way, the control that one class exercises over the means of production includes not only the production of food or manufactured goods and it includes the production of ideas as well (this provides one possible explanation for why members of a subordinate class may hold ideas contrary to their own interests). An example of this sort of analysis is Marx's understanding of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface to his 1843 Contribution to the: Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering.

Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.

The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions.

Whereas his senior thesis at the () argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting/preserving political and economic status quo and. Economy, history and society [ ]. Further information: Marx's thoughts on labour were related to the primacy he gave to the economic relation in determining the society's past, present and future (see also ). For Marx, was about conflict between opposing interests, driven in the background by economic forces.

This became the inspiration for the body of works known as the. In his model of history, he argued that began with free, productive and creative work that was over time coerced and dehumanised, a trend most apparent under capitalism. Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, rather no individual or even state can go against the forces of economy.

The organisation of society depends on. Literally, those things, like land, natural resources and technology, necessary for the production of material goods and the. In other words, the social relationships people enter into as they acquire and use the means of production. Together, these compose the and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of distinct modes of production. Marx differentiated between, with the base (or substructure) referring to the economic system and superstructure, to the cultural and political system. Marx regarded this mismatch between (economic) base and (social) as a major source of social disruption and conflict. Despite Marx's stress on critique of capitalism and discussion of the new that should replace it, his explicit critique of capitalism is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones ( and ).

Marx also never clearly discusses issues of and, although scholars agree that his work contained discussion of those concepts. Memorial to Karl Marx in Moscow, whose inscription reads: ' Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided. On one hand, in the 19th century's deepest critique of the dehumanising aspects of this system he noted that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation and recurring, cyclical leading to mass unemployment, while on the other hand capitalism is also characterised by 'revolutionising, industrialising and universalising qualities of development, growth and progressivity' (by which Marx meant industrialisation, urbanisation,, increased and growth, and ) that are responsible for progress.

Marx considered the capitalist class to be one of the most revolutionary in history because it constantly improved the means of production, more so than any other class in history and was responsible for the overthrow of and its transition to capitalism. Capitalism can stimulate considerable growth because the capitalist can and has an incentive to reinvest profits in new technologies and. According to Marx, capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices.

Marx called the difference ' and argued that this surplus value had its source in, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce. Marx's dual view of capitalism can be seen in his description of the capitalists: he refers to them as sucking worker's blood, but at the same time he notes that drawing profit is 'by no means an injustice' and that capitalists simply cannot go against the system. The true problem lies with the 'cancerous cell' of, understood not as property or equipment, but the relations between workers and owners—the economic system in general. At the same time, Marx stressed that capitalism was unstable and prone to. He suggested that over time capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and less in labour. Since Marx believed that surplus value appropriated from labour is the source of profits, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall even as the economy grew. Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this of growth, collapse and more growth.

Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would necessarily enrich and the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat. In section one of The Communist Manifesto, Marx describes, capitalism and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society.

At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged. The feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class.

A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. Marx believed that industrial workers (the ) would rise up around the world Marx believed that those structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism, or a post-capitalistic, communist society: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products.

What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.

Thanks to various processes overseen by capitalism, such as urbanisation, the working class, the proletariat, should grow in numbers and develop, in time realising that they have to and can change the system. Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing exploiting class and introduce a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises. Marx argued in that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class: Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence.

In this new society, the self-alienation would end and humans would be free to act without being bound by the labour market. It would be a democratic society, enfranchising the entire population.

In such a world there would also be little if any need for a state, which goal was to enforce the alienation. He theorised that between capitalism and the establishment of a socialist/communist system, a —a period where the working class holds political power and forcibly socialises the means of production—would exist. As he wrote in his, 'between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat'. While he allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures (such as Britain, the United States and the Netherlands), he suggested that in other countries in which workers can not 'attain their goal by peaceful means' the 'lever of our revolution must be force'.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in, Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought. Followers of Marx have frequently debated amongst themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world. The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter.

In the political realm, these tendencies include,,,, and. Various currents have also developed in, often under influence of other views, resulting in, historical Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, and Hegelian Marxism. From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. He has been cited as one of the nineteenth century's three masters of the 'school of suspicion' alongside and and as one of the three principal architects of modern along with and. In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the. Both Marx and set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European and new developments in the and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean in attempt to develop a science of society.

Considered Marx and to be the two greatest Hegelian philosophical successors. In modern, is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives. Considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology 'in so far as anyone can claim the title'. Beyond social science, he has also had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts and the humanities. Map of countries that declared themselves to be socialist states under the or definition between 1979 and 1983, which marked the greatest territorial extent of In social theory, twentieth- and twenty-first-century, thinkers have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx.

One move has been to reduce it to its analytical core, known as analytical Marxism. Another, more common move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and to emphasise the 'relative autonomy' of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the 'forces of production' and the succession of 'modes of production'.

Such has been for example the neo-marxist theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory, such as and. It has also been a line of thinking pursued by thinkers and activists like who have sought to understand the opportunities and the difficulties of transformative political practice, seen in the light of Marxist social theory. Marx's ideas would also have a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film and theater.

Politically, Marx's legacy is more complex. Throughout the twentieth century, revolutions in dozens of countries labelled themselves 'Marxist', most notably the, which led to the founding of the.

Major world leaders including,,,,, and all cited Marx as an influence and his ideas informed political parties worldwide beyond those where Marxist revolutions took place. The countries associated with some Marxist nations have led political opponents to blame Marx for millions of deaths, but the fidelity of these varied revolutionaries, leaders and parties to Marx's work is highly contested and rejected by many Marxists. It is now common to distinguish between the legacy and influence of Marx specifically and the legacy and influence of those who shaped his ideas for political purposes.

Selected bibliography [ ] •, 1842 •, 1843 • ', 1843 • ', 1844 •, 1844 •, 1845 • ', 1845 •, 1845 •, 1847 • ', 1847 •, 1848 •, 1850 •, 1852 •, 1857 •, 1859 •, 1861 •, 3 volumes, 1862 • ', 1865 • ( Das Kapital), 1867 • ', 1871 •, 1875 • 'Notes on Adolph Wagner', 1883 • (posthumously published by Engels), 1885 • (posthumously published by Engels), 1894 See also [ ]. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.. How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London: Little, Brown..

Karl Marx: A Biography (fourth edition). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan..; (1976) [1936]. Karl Marx: Man and Fighter. Gwenda David and.

Harmondsworth and New York: Pelican.. (1986) [1948]. The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx. Pickwick Books Ltd.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life.

Norton & Co.. Stedman Jones, Gareth (2016).

Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion. London: Allen Lane.. Stokes, Philip (2004). Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers.

Kettering: Index Books.. Vygodsky, Vitaly (1973).. Verlag Die Wirtschaft.

London: Fourth Estate.. Further reading [ ]. Main article: •. Marx (Routledge, 2009) •.

Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford University Press, 1963) • Blumenberg, Werner (2000). Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography. Douglas Scott.

London; New York: Verso.. • Hobsbawm, E. 'Marx, Karl Heinrich'. (online ed.). Difference Between Elcb And Mcb Pdf Reader more.

Oxford University Press.. (Subscription or required.) • (1967) [1913]..

Peking: Foreign Languages Press. • McLellan, David. Karl Marx: his Life and Thought Harper & Row, 1973 •. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (Routledge, 2003) •. Marx before Marxism (1980), Macmillan, •.

Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work (Blackwell, 1975) • Sperber, Jonathan. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life (W.W. Norton & Company; 2013) 648 pages; by a leading academic scholar • Stedman Jones, Gareth. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Allen Lane, 2016).. • Walker, Frank Thomas. 'Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography.

(bj.publications), 2009. •., (Fourth Estate, 1999), Commentaries on Marx [ ] •.. London: Verso, 2005. • Althusser, Louis and.. London: Verso, 2009. Karl Marx or the thought of the world.

The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge University Press, 1968) •. Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976). • Blackledge, Paul. Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History (Manchester University Press, 2006) • Blackledge, Paul.

Marxism and Ethics (SUNY Press, 2012) • Bottomore, Tom, ed. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. • (2010) [1983]. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks.. Reading Capital Politically (AK Press, 2000) •.

Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Princeton University Press, 1978) • Collier, Andrew. Marx (Oneworld, 2004) •, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution (4 volumes) • Duncan, Ronald and. (editors) Marx Refuted, (Bath, UK, 1987) •. Why Marx Was Right (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011). Marx's Capital. London: Pluto, 2010. Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature.

New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. •., Page 1, (1999) •. A Companion to Marx's Capital. London: Verso, 2010. • Harvey, David.

The Limits of Capital. London: Verso, 2006. Marx I and Marx II. 1976 • Holt, Justin P. The Social Thought of Karl Marx. • Iggers, Georg G. 'Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge.'

(Wesleyan University Press, 1997, 2005) •. Main Currents of Marxism Oxford: Clarendon Press, OUP, 1978 • Little, Daniel.

The Scientific Marx, (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) •. Marxist Economic Theory. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970. • Mandel, Ernest.

The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977. Marx's Theory of Alienation (The Merlin Press, 1970) • Miller, Richard W. Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984. Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II: Classical Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) •. The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism. London: Routledge, 2002. The Concept of Nature in Marx. London: NLB, 1971. 'Marx's Early Development: Vocation, Rebellion and Realism'.

The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. The MIT Press. 3 (3): 475–508..

• Seigel, Jerrold. Marx's fate: the shape of a life (Princeton University Press, 1978) •. 'Marx in 90 Minutes', (Ivan R. Dee, 2001) • Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists.

London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. [1989], 'Effective Demand and the Rate of Profits: Some Thoughts on Marx, and ', in: Sebastiani, M. (ed.), Kalecki's Relevance Today, London, Macmillan,. • Wendling, Amy. Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) • Wheen, Francis. Marx's Das Kapital, (Atlantic Books, 2006) • Wilson, Edmund.: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940 Medical articles [ ] • Shuster, Sam (2008).. British Journal of Dermatology.

Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 158 (1): 18011.. External links [ ]. Find more about Karl Marxat Wikipedia's • from Wikimedia Commons • from Wikiquote • from Wikisource • from Wikibooks • from Wikiversity • at • at • at (public domain audiobooks) • (in German) at • (ed.)... •, homepage of the • • Articles and entries [ ] • by •, by David North • synopsising his Why Marx was right chronicle.com 10 April 2011. • by Philip Collins,, 21 October 2008 • •, by •, by Joseph Dauben • from Paul Blackledge (2008) • • () • •.. •., 25 March 2013.

•., 30 January 2014. For, 31 May 2015.

First Edition CD-ROM was published by Oxford University Press [OUP], International Computaprint Corp., Bowker, and Tri Star Publishing (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania) as The Oxford English Dictionary Computer File: the Original Oxford English Dictionary on Compact Disc in December 1987 and phased out in December 1992. DOS only, marketed in the U.S.A. 2 CDs and a 5¼ inch floppy. Did not include any material post-1933. 44 million words.

ISBN [I’ve never seen it.] Second Edition CD-ROM versions: 1992 - v1 1 CD, 1 diskette. We have surprisingly few Vista reports regarding OED v1.1x. My own installations of v1.10 on 32-bit Vista Ultimate and Home Premium boxes run snappily, both with and sometimes without. Another user successfully runs v1.10 under the 32-bit Vista Business edition, with Administrator privileges in “Windows XP Compatibility” mode, and launched by (his attempts to launch the OED with the normal OED.EXE executable, or to launch outside XP Compatibility mode, both failed with classic [GPFs].) Another Vista Business user followed these guidelines, but still GPFed because he didn’t have a printer installed. After installing the, OED v1.10 worked. Pressings of OED v3.1 that display a “2004,2005” ( not “2004”) date on the disks work with Vista, and with 64-bit versions of WinXP, if a software patch is downloaded from an OUP website, unZIPped, and applied before a fresh installation of OED v3.1 is run for the first time.

We have confirmation from both OUP and several users that the patch may also be applied in Windows 2000 and 32-bit WinXP (and perhaps in earlier Windows operating systems as well). Moreover, this patch eliminates the 70-90 day revalidation requirement of v3.1! For details, see, below. No reports yet for OED v1.1x.

V3.0: C-Dilla apparently will not install on 64-bit machines. OUP’s indefatigable customer support to the rescue: “The OED v3.0 software was not developed to run on Windows 7 and as this version of the OED was discontinued five years ago now, no further development work will be carried out.

Version 3.0 users have the option of upgrading to v4.0.” (Little wonder that infuriated owners of expensive software condescend to warez, e.g. Stripped of C-Dilla!) One cumbersome solution is to install a WinXP child operating system under Virtual PC. Users have had difficulty getting v3.1 to run or even install, due to two very different problems. Again, OUP customer support offered its typical helping hand: “Dear Sir, we do not support betas. We’re sorry for the inconvenience.” (An understandable posture, which also enables an earlier and longer lunch.) So far, all reports involve users with. In general, apply to Windows 7 as well, with these additional wrinkles.

OED won’t run: OED launches, accepts a word look-up, offers several look-up results, but then crashes with, variously, “oed3.exe has stopped working”, “OED CD-ROM Error: Entry cannot be accessed”, and/or “Incompatible Application”. Describes two solutions: not installing the v3.1.1 software patch with “2004,2005” disks; and (contrary to OUP instructions) not rebooting the computer before running the OED for the first time after installation, but instead run the OED once (and perhaps see the wrong fonts), then reboot, then run OED again (and now see the correct fonts).

Why this works — who knows. But two users confirm that it does work. Both users ran as Administrators, and turned off UAC during installation, but were able to run OED subsequently as non-Administrators with UAC.

OED runs but crashes before returning search results: 8/2010: Under 32-bit Win7 Ultimate, v3.1.1 would not run without error until oedcd_v3.exe was launched in Windows XP (Service Pack 3) compatibility mode. UAC was turned off permanently on this machine, which may or may not be a factor. The result is flawless operation. No other modifications to the user’s normal setup! A simple formula for success, well worth trying before you pull your few remaining hairs out. (Shocked by v4’s inability to save Search results but needing software compatible with Vista Win7, this U.S.-based British user asked OUP Tech Support to swap his old v3.1 Release 1 CDs for overstock v3.1.1 disks.

Stonewalled (as usual) by OUP-US in Cary, North Carolina, he then reached a “delightful” woman at OUP-UK who consented to a physical exchange of disks by snail. So miracles do still happen, even at OUP.) Please if you have additional Vista or Windows 7 information to report. Despite differences in the various OED Second Edition softwares, each individual version is installable, and operable, on almost all Windows 32-bit operating systems: 9x (95, 98, ME) and NT (NT4, 2000, XP, Server — Vista, unfortunately, seems to work out-of-the-box only with OED v1.1x (32-bit machines only), v3.1.1, and v4.0). Often you can buy the OED on,,,,, etc. Or you might near you.

English members of 144 libraries that subscribe to a two-year agreement between OUP and the Museums, Libraries, and Archives Council (MLA) can access the OED (and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford Reference Online, Grove Music Online, and Grove Art Online) from any computer at any time, and within the library –. If you want to buy the disk, be wary of imposters like “Concise”, “Compact”, “Mini”, “Shorter”, “Pop-Up”, etc CD versions of Oxford “English Dictionaries” masquerading as the actual OED. If you want OED version 3.1, don’t buy the “” unless you already own OED version 2 or version 3.0. Instead you want the “Full” version with (very important!) discs labeled “2004,2005” or “2004,2005,2007” (not “2004”) — you may buy it direct from OUP (,, or ). Online stores like and offer much better prices than OUP — look for 25% discounts ().

All versions of the OED Second Edition software can, in fact, be installed on a hard disk, notwithstanding the restrictions built into the plain vanilla software of some versions, as detailed above. Root directory — Data File: OED2.DAT635,400,192. I see no particular advantage to using v1.13, when from OUP. Oed1_14.zip contains a single file, SETUP.EXE.

Install v1.14 normally, using SETUP.EXE and the data CD. In retail boxes, SETUP.EXE is provided on a diskette, but it runs equally well from your hard disk — in other words, you do not require an A: diskette drive to install. Then make sure the OED is working properly. Note that there is no copy protection for either the original data CD or for the OED2.DAT dictionary data file; you can simply burn OED2.DAT to the root directory of any CD, and it will run happily — as long as OED2.DAT is on a CD.

If however you want to run v1.13 or v1.14 off hard disk, you must make and mount an, perhaps using and a CD-ROM emulator like. An alternate, light-weight (8Kb device driver + 23Kb control panel) CD-ROM emulator is an unsupported freeware package from Microsoft(!) called, which claims that it requires WinXP Pro or Home, but which works with Win2000 (and maybe other OSes) too. It supports OED v1.1x, and places very little load on your system (it lacks the robust features of Daemon Tools, but if emulation of an OED v1.1x Data CD is your only requirement, then this is an alternative choice). Beware that this last-named emulator can establish SUBST-like drives on every driveletter below the drive that you pick for your emulated “CD” — and because drives X: Y: or Z: fail due to a, this could involve the pointless allocation of precious resources. The Readme included in the self-extracting ZIPfile explains installation and image file mounting adequately, but fuller instructions are available. In my opinion, Virtual Clone Drive is the better choice.

Thanks to William Farrar for this tip. OED v1.14 contains the same data and executable files as 1.11*, with these exceptions: IPC.DLL is no longer included; UNWISE.EXE is added (used to uninstall the OED application); and three different M$Word macros are also included. During SETUP.EXE installation, when offered the option to install a M$Word macro, skip it (the default action): a is discussed below, and can be downloaded from this website. The 18 True Type fonts of v1.14 (listed below) are different than in v1.10 or v1.11*, and they are automatically copied by SETUP.EXE to [BootDrive]: WINDOWS[ or WINNT] SYSTEM (perhaps the right place for them under Win v3.x, but not the ideal location under Win32 — see further, below). As with v1.10 and v1.11*, install the 18 fonts using Control Panel → Fonts → File → Install New Font (and be sure to check the box “Copy fonts to Font folder” in the “Install New Font” [or “Add Font”] dialog). You may now run “ /F” against your installation, to confirm that all Files and Fonts are correctly installed and recognized by the operating system. ARBOUP97.TTFArial OUP Bold ARCOUP97.TTFArial OUP Small Caps Regular ARIOUP97.TTFArial OUP Italic AROUP97.TTFArial OUP ARZOUP97.TTFArial OUP Bold Italic HADAS.TTFMonotype Hadassah PI6OUP.TTFPi6OUP MT PI7OUP.TTFPi7OUP MT PI8OUP.TTFPi8OUP MT PI9OUP.TTFPi9OUP MT PLBOUP97.TTFPlantin OUP Bold PLCOUP97.TTFPlantin OUP Small Caps Regular PLIOUP97.TTFPlantin OUP Italic PLOUP97.TTFPlantin OUP PLZOUP97.TTFPlantin OUP Bold Italic PORGRK.TTFPorson Greek OUP One PORGRK2.TTFPorson Greek OUP Two TNRPHON.TTFTimes New Roman Phonetic.

An “Image File” (sometimes called an “ISO file”) is an identical copy, in file form, of the physical OED data CD. The following elementary procedure, using excellent freeware (to non-commercial users) tools only, will enable you to operate the dictionary off hard disk with any version of OED v1.1x (v1.10-v1.14). Although unnecessary with v1.10 and v1.11*, some sort of image file procedure is required under v1.13 and v1.14. By far the simplest tool to use to create an image file is the freeware, one of the finest free softwares I’ve ever seen (primarily used for burning CDs and DVDs). Put your OED data CD in your drive, install ImgBurn, run it, and a wizard pops up with six choices: select “Create image file from disc”. Indicate the “Source” [DVD] drive that contains the CD, indicate a “Destination” filename e.g. OED2.ISO (select a drive: path with plenty of free space!

615Mb will be required), and finally click the disk-to-file graphic at bottom-left. Jump down to “ Fifth”, below. Here’s the procedure for an older image creation technique. N.B.: the particular imaging tool described below (Mkisofs) is not designed to deal with the additional security and copy protection “features” of OED v2 and v3 (for alternative procedures appropriate to v2 and v3.0, go ). If you’re uncomfortable with command line utilities, you may use many alternative image-making tools to make the ISO file, such as, Nero, Alcohol 120%, etc.

Mkisofs.exe -graft-points -v -V OED2 -o E: CDRTOOLS OED.ISO -path-list E: CDRTOOLS OED.LST Mkisofs will rapidly generate an ISO-9660 compliant image file named OED.ISO in E: CDRTOOLS. Note that buried among the Mkisofs arguments above is an instruction to LABEL the imaged disk “OED2”. If you use a different tool than Mkisofs to create your image file, be sure to LABEL the imaged volume (the image file) “OED2”, because a disk labeled OED2 is one of two methods used by OED.EXE to identify the disk (real or virtual) that contains OED dictionary data. Fifth, install freeware.

The word “daemon” means “ server”. Note that although Daemon Tools has long been our preferred CD emulator, Virtual Clone Drive has recently supplanted it. Note too that version 4 of Daemon Tools includes an optional, and odious, client-side advertising software application called the “Daemon Tools Search Bar” – purportedly bundled with Daemon to defray development costs. Uncheck it at installation time!

This is the only opportunity you have to disable this adware, so be vigilant when you install. Alternatively, older does not include adware, and works well with the OED. After you install Virtual Clone Drive or Daemon Tools, reboot and “mount” the OED.ISO image file. [ Mount is a term seldom used by the PC community, but ubiquitous in Unix. To “mount” a disk or volume (a fixed-size storage space for one or more files) means to somehow connect your computer to the volume data, so that it appears in your computer’s filesystem as a disk (drive) containing one or more directories (“folders”) and files. For what it’s worth, OUP stated ( circa 1998) that v1.0d is “compatible with the CD-ROM extension software shipped with new IIa Macintoshes, including Power Macs For Systems earlier than 7.5 you need the following extensions in your extension folder (found in the system folder): Apple CD-ROM, ISO 9660 Access, and Foreign File Access. For Systems later than 7.5 you need Apple CD-ROM and Foreign File Access.

These extensions must be ‘toggled on’ via the extension manager.” Mac v1.0d presumably has the same feature set as Windows v1.14; and according to an, it also has the same “no hard disk” limitation. “Creating a CD image still works, though With the last few system versions, Apple has provided a utility called Disk Copy that allows one to make a [hard disk] image [file] of any [CD] (with read/write access or read-only, or even compressed). When mounted, the image behaves just like the original [data CD, overriding] copy-protection It does the job. You can make an image of the OED CD-ROM by simply dragging the CD icon from the desktop to the Disk Copy window. OS 7.5.3 Starter Disk.zip: quadra650.rom: 3.

Use Disk Utility to make a 660MB image file. This becomes the new ‘hard disk’. [Edited 2009.12.5] Set up Basilisk II in the Basilisk II Volume settings with the paths to the system software, and the hard disk locations. Set up Basilisk II Memory/Misc ROM File with the path to the ROM. Start Basilisk II and it boots System 7.5.3 off the starter disk in just over 2 seconds.

Format the ‘hard disk’. You can then copy the system folder over to the hard disk and reboot to rid yourself of the starter disk and boot directly off the hard drive. The OSX drive is visible under the name ‘Unix’ and you can drag and drop the OED v1.0d software and OED2.DAT file onto the desktop and drop the fonts in the system fonts folder. Rename the hard disk ‘OED2’, click on the OED2 application, and it’s up and running without problems. It’s very fast and, at 4MB, it’s the smallest way to get OED up and running under OSX Intel.” Basilisk II is fast, but there is one exotic issue ( reported by Darrell Greenwood).

“I am now running Macintosh v1.0d using Basilisk II MacOS on a MacBook Pro 2.8GHz (late 2009, 10.6.2). The emulation opens in a couple of seconds, the app within a second. The load goes from an idle of 6% to 12% while running. Problem: When OED_Fonts.suit, the 600k TrueType suitcase containing the OED fonts, is put in the System Folder on the Basilik II emulator, it is not recognized or used by the OED app.

Cause: There is a big-endian vs. Little-endian byte swapping issue with respect to the change from a Motorola 68000 processor to an Intel x86 processor. What this means in practice is the Mac file Type code gets its bytes swapped from ‘FFIL’ to ‘LIFF’. When you look at the Type of the suitcase it is ‘FFIL’.

When that suitcase is moved to the emulator running on a x86 processor, the processor sees ‘LLIF’ as the type, and doesn’t recognize the font suitcase. Solution: Change the font suitcase Type code from ‘FFIL’ to ‘LIFF’, so that it swaps back to ‘FFIL’. This can be done in numerous ways, e.g. Under OS 7 with, or, under OSX with Terminal, by using the Developer package’s ‘setfile’ command.”. “A year ago I moved to an Intel Mac from PowerPC, where the [Mac ] OED had been running pretty much constantly in the ‘Classic’ environment under OS X.

At first I was unable to use the OED anymore because Apple intentionally did not include a ‘Classic’ environment on Intel versions of OS X. I regained use of the OED with, an open-source ‘hack’ that provides a way to install various ‘Classic’ MacOSes (I used MacOS v9.1) on Intel Macs [ and Linux, BeOS, WindowsNT]. Under Sheepshaver it’s possible to install a whole host of old ‘Classic’ applications.”. Option 1: OED v1.1x (and v3.x), under Parallels/VMware Fusion All versions of the OED run on all versions of Windows from 95 through XP; OED v1.1x will also run on Windows v3.1.

The following table indicates base requirements of several Windows versions. All are clean installs under. And are other OS X emulation options to explore.

If you want to use OED v3.x, then probably go with Windows XP; if you want the smallest possible footprint, then you can’t beat Windows 3.1. (Your other Windows software plans obviously affect your decision.) VMware Fusion v2.0.4 successfully runs OED v1.10 under WinXP if launched with OEDXP.EXE; OED.EXE itself crashes with the usual GPFs.

Operating System Hard Disk OED RAM Windows 3.1 1.4MB v1.10: 600MB 76MB Windows 95 124MB v1.10: 600MB 77MB Windows XP 1.29GB v3.0: 1.6GB 81MB Windows Vista 5.73GB v3.1.1: 1.6GB 553MB Option 2: OED v1.1x under Crossover The OED v1.1x runs under. (v1.13 and v1.14 require that you set up OED2.DAT as a CD drive, real or emulated). Crossover probably will not work with OED v3.x, due to C-Dilla/CD-Cops copy protection. One potential workaround might be to install OED v3.1 under true Windows on a dual-boot Mac machine, and then consult it under OS X. “v1.14 works perfectly under. Here’s what I did: • I am using v3.0.1, which is the commercial version of the free ‘’ program that allows many Windows programs to run under Linux (Word, Quicken, etc).

(I just tried the OED under free ‘Wine’ version 20030911, and it appears to work just as well.) • Use Wine to run the v1.14 SETUP.EXE program and install it in the default location. • Installer exited abnormally, but apparently did the install just fine. • Stick in the CD-ROM, mount it, run OED.EXE, and it works.

Additionally, OED will run off of the hard drive directly, if you set up Wine so that a local directory emulates a CD-ROM: • Create directory ~/oed (in your “user” [~] directory, i.e. /home/USERNAME/oed/) • Copy the OED2.DAT file from the CD-ROM to ~/oed/oed2.dat • Tell Wine that ~/oed is a CD-ROM: make this entry in the config file. By default, OED v1.1x looks for OED2.DAT on the first removable drive; if not found there, an error is declared (e.g.

“Cannot read from drive F:” where F: is your first, or only, CD drive). Launch suspends. This is a watershed moment for many users. They never surmount this hurdle. They’ve already placed the OED data file on ( for example) drive N: (or any drive lettered lower than our hypothetical CD drive F:) — which may be, variously, a second CD DVD drive, or a local or remote hard disk. It would have been less problematic to put the OED on a drive lettered higher than F: (e.g.

But they still have options: • Hit “Cancel” (instead of “Abort”), and the OED.EXEcutable will continue to search for a drive with a root directory containing OED2.DAT. In the cases of v1.10 and v1.11*, both hard and CD drives are searched; in v1.13 and v1.14, only CD drives are searched. • Reassign the driveletter of your CD from “F” to any letter after “N” (if you have Administrator rights under NT4/2000/XP/Vista, open Control Panel → Administrative Tools → Computer Management → Storage → Disk Management → right-click on drive F: → Change Drive Letter and Paths for F:) • Or ( simplest, best, recommended, and often the only effective solution) establish the OED environment variable “OED” (e.g. Using the DOS command “SET OED=N:”; or — recommended! — to establish the variable globally under e.g.

Win2000 or XP Pro, open Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables [in WinXP, this is a small box at the bottom of the Advanced tab] → in System Variables [so that all users have access to it, not just the current user], click New → under “Variable name”, add “ OED” and under “Variable value”, add “ N:”, click OK, and then Reboot.) In formal terms, OED.EXE recognizes two general mechanisms to override the default behavior and “find” the dictionary data on a different drive than the first removable device, whether it be a CD or a hard drive volume. The most reliable pointer for v1.10 and v1.11* is the OED variable. In order of priority, OED.EXE v1.10 v1.11* will. 1) Consult the environment variable OED.

“SET OED=d:”, either (local) in an individual DOS session (e.g. “SET OED=N:”), or (global) in the System Environment, thus affecting all sessions. 2) Search local disks for a hard disk or CD labeled “OED2”. Command at DOS “LABEL N:OED2”.

Because the original data CD was LABELed “OED2”, the hard disk where OED is relocated should also be LABELed “OED2”. Hard disks should all be lettered higher than (i.e. Above or before) the first CD drive on your machine.

You may use both methods concurrently, for insurance. A network installation may require Method 1).

V1.14 reverses the above priority; it cares more about the LABEL on the “CD” (real or virtual) than the OED variable. The “Filename=N: ” spec in the “[data]” stanza of OED.INI is NOT consulted; it simply assists, which obtain DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) interprocess communication parameters from OED.INI.

In other words, OED.INI is not required. If you’re using the actual CD-ROM disk as your dictionary (not a copy on a hard disk), you probably don’t need either of these mechanisms, because OED.EXE will find the CD as long as it is in the first CD drive. (OED v1.10 and v1.11* will usually find OED2.DAT, either on hard disk or CD, if it is in any local root directory.

No assistance from either of these mechanisms is usually required, but if OED generates a “Cannot read from drive d:” error, then set the OED environment variable [Method 1) above].). OED.INI should be located in the DOS Path, normally in%WINDIR% or%SYSTEMROOT% (e.g. C: WINDOWS or C: WINNT).

OED.INI is created by SETUP.EXE, but if you bypass SETUP and manually install the necessary OED files and fonts (which is perfectly acceptable), then you may want to create OED.INI by hand. Again, OED.INI is not required unless you are also using. With any OED v1.x version, employ the OED.INI format required by v1.14 of the software — this affords additional flexibility.

Paste the lines below into file OED.INI, changing only the “Filename=” and the “PathName=” specs to point at your OED EXEcutable installation, and the “Wait=” value to represent the duration of OED initialization on your computer. Note that the “Wait=” duration is machine-dependent: longer for slow machines (5-9 seconds), shorter for fast machines (3-6 seconds). It should roughly correspond to the number of seconds that the blue Oxford shield is displayed when OED.EXE is not cached in machine memory, e.g. When you run it for the first time in a session (on subsequent launches it will start much faster). [data] Filename=E: [Macro] ExeName=OED.EXE PathName=E: OED ServiceName=OED AppName=Oxford English Dictionary (Second Edition) Wait=4 Adjust the “Filename” variable above to point at the location of OED2.DAT (the dictionary data), on either a CD or Hard drive.

Adjust the “ExeName” variable to name the OED executable, usually OED.EXE. Occasionally,, files named STARTOED.BAT or STARTOED.CMD or OEDXP.EXE launch OED.EXE indirectly — if so, use STARTOED.BAT, STARTOED.CMD, or OEDXP.EXE as the “ExeName” instead of OED.EXE. Adjust the “PathName” variable to point at the directory (folder) of the OED executable OED.EXE. V1.13 and v1.14 + STARTOED [OEDXP] users must also implement procedures described in this “”. The “ServiceName” and “AppName” should NOT be adjusted — leave as-is. Adjust the optional “Wait” variable to hard code an interval, in seconds, between launch of the OED (when not already running) and passing of the Lookup Word via DDE.

The purpose is to prevent an OED crash and possible system lockup if DDE attempts to establish a “channel” before the OED is completely initialized (i.e. While the blue splash screen still displays the Oxford shield). Minimum Wait Time = 1 second (else OED may crash, because DDE can’t yet find OED). Note that does not require OED.INI at all, unless OEDXP is used in conjunction with (called by) a word processing macro. OEDXP has its own runtime arguments, which replace those in OED.INI. OED.INI is only required by this website’s M$Word, OpenOffice, and WordPerfect word processing macros — otherwise it is not needed.

V3.x consumes about 1900MB disk space (roughly triple the 635MB required by OED v1) when run from a hard disk. In its v3.x software series, OUP is trying to reproduce, on local computers, the look-and-feel of the Network OS that it uses in its online OED service. The browser-like interface is very courant, but the cost in efficiency, memory, and disk space is steep. V3.0 and v3.1 (but not v3.1.1) need to be “revalidated” every 70-90 days by inserting the original data CD in the drive, which is a total PITA [discomfort in the hindquarters].

V3.0 requires the presence of Macromedia’s C-Dilla (a.k.a. “SafeCast 2”) copy protection scheme (SafeCast v2.40.11). C-Dilla has been accused of many things (e.g. Being spyware, which is dubious), but it seems to install itself in the low-level boot sectors of your hard disk, where it has been claimed to interfere with multi-booting other operating systems (and interfering with OS/2’s Logical Volume Manager). I know of no way to eliminate the need for C-Dilla to be present when running OED v3.0.

If you uninstall C-Dilla and then try to run OED v3.0, the OED automatically reinstalls C-Dilla (without asking permission!) before launching. Conversely, if you uninstall OED v3.0, C-Dilla is not uninstalled too (uninstall with Control Panel → Add/Remove Programs). Note too that when v3.0 was first published, you needed to be logged on as Administrator just to run OED v3 under Win2000 or WinXP. This requirement has been dropped. According to OUP, “Local Administrator permissions are no longer required to run the OED as long as the latest version of the authentication process is installed. This can be downloaded from [OUP’s] ” (it amounts to an update to C-Dilla). Lots of other potential v3 snags and snafus are documented by OUP.

Here’s how to overcome the 90 day revalidation requirement for v3.0 only (but not v3.1, which beefs up the copy protection by using CD-Cops). First, install v3.0 normally — be sure to tell the OED installer that you will be running the dictionary from CD, not hard disk (a Typical, not Full, setup). Get it working using the physical data CD ( not emulated!). You must ensure that the OED works normally (the way OUP wants you to use it) before you try to install it to hard disk! But sometimes v3.0 won’t work.

Take a look at OUP’s. You may see a message similar to this: Or you may get an error message stating that your licence “appears to be broken”. Both are symptoms of an similar to that which can afflict v1.1x — an astonishing lapse in software engineering that has persisted for nearly a decade! Finally, OUP issued (revisions to C-Dilla) that solve the problem for v2 and v3.0 (but are not applicable to v1) (). Read the before installing the new drivers. These fixes further retard (double or triple) v3.0’s tortoise-like load time, and seem to choke my whole computer (read a pertinent Amazon review entitled — many of these 50+ reviews are interesting); but you can print to your “incompatible printer” directly from the OED after it finally starts running. Note too that OUP has released a rather large bug-fix for v3.0, in two flavors: a for first-time buyers (and for those who upgraded from v1), and a v2-to-v3.0.

UnZIP into a temporary directory, run CDSETUP.EXE, and click on “Install”., and install evaluation version 4.x (you can uninstall it as soon as you’re done — but BlindRead and BlindWrite are fine products, and a license only costs USD EUR 39.99). Make an image of the dictionary CD. The result will be three files, located together in the same hard disk directory, e.g. E: IMAGES OED_CD_3.BWI 789,592,272.

E: IMAGES OED_CD_3.B5T 789,592,272. [FILE_PATHS] CD_PATH=N. If you are or were a v3.0 user, hopefully you upgraded, for reasons that only became compelling in 2007, with v3.1.1. Read on v3.1 was initially released in 2004. In the words of one user, v3.1 added “about 9 new words [to v3.0] as window dressing, ironclad v1.65 copy protection (instead of C-Dilla a.k.a.

‘SafeCast 2’, which is no longer part of the product), and little else” [actually, OUP claims 2000 “new words and phrases”, although I suspect that most are probably modern jargon, i.e. Not words that you ordinarily look up in the OED]. The v3.1 discs were reissued in 2005 as “ Release 2”, reportedly to add a single word that had been inadvertently omitted from the 2004 discs. You can tell which discs you own, because the year of issue is stamped upon them.

The most onerous aspect of these releases is the 70-90 day revalidation requirement, inherited from v3.0. CD-Cops completely frustrated revalidation from a CD emulator — you had to carry the data disc with you if you planned to travel for long. (Note that you can force revalidation, to obtain a fresh 90-day “lease”, by holding down Ctrl-Shift while clicking on the OED shortcut icon.) Release 1 was rife with revalidation errors; OUP had to issue a to fix them. Some users could on certain hardware, or validation simply stopped functioning after a few reauthorizations.

They'd reinstall their entire operating system trying to get it to load – a new definition of desperation. Kapersky and Norton AV sometimes blocked it. Convey the rich flavor of these experiences, along with the nightmare that OUP calls “Tech Support”. Then, in early 2007, OUP issued a software patch called “ v3.1.1”, which confers two big benefits: it eliminates the 70-90 day revalidation requirement under “Windows 98SE, ME, NT4, 2000, and XP”; and it enables v3.1 under both 32- and 64-bit versions of Vista and 64-bit versions of XP. Owners of Release 2 v3.1 discs dated “2004,2005” (not “2004”) with key numbers FT39P-9UFX-L92Q or URAP9-Z2M9-R6EH only (these two keys seem to apply to most, maybe even all, of these discs) may (read the before applying the patch, and authenticate with your key number translated to lower case and no hyphens, i.e.

Ft39p9ufxl92q or urap9z2m9r6eh); otherwise obtain v3.1.1 by contacting. Owners of v3.1 discs dated “2004” are (or were) invited to return them to OUP Tech Support, in exchange for “Full” Version 2005 discs, to which the patch can then be applied (after uninstalling the 2004 version, and performing a “Full”, not “Typical”, reinstallation), or for newly remastered 2007 discs. Briefly, in March 2007, the said: “If your OED v3.1 CDs do not show the date 2005, then you can exchange them for the OED v3.1 Release II free of charge, on receipt of the old ones. Please send CDs to Technical Support with your name and address and the reason why you are sending them.” You may need to reinstall from scratch: instructions that accompanied one early set of disks required that this patch be applied before first use, and before entering the authentication code (supplied in a letter from OUP — you must contact OUP directly to obtain the code unless your key number, a.k.a. Authentication/validation code, is one of the two numbers mentioned above); however, the current online instructions suggest that the OED may already be installed and running, and therefore reinstallation should be unnecessary (indeed, a newer version of the patch has been posted). All this complication seemed to arise as an interim emergency measure under the pressure of frustrated Vista users. Remastered disks of v3.1.1 dated 2007 incorporated these changes and obviated the need to apply any patch.

V3.1.1 also upgraded CD-Cops to v1.71. Altogether, v3.1.1 represented a rebirth of trust & openness at OUP: v3.1.1 was the first version of the OED since v1.11* (anno 1995) that could be freely installed on a hard disk without further hindrance. It works as advertised. Kudos to OUP, for restoring some sanity to their marketing. OUP appeared to be endeavoring to repair a battered reputation, to be reaching out generously to its customers at real cost in time, trouble, and money. V3.1.1 presaged the U-turn in DRM policy that emerged more clearly (if not quite completely) in v4 The net result of v3.1.1 is software that works without annoyance. It isn’t particularly fast, and the interface is clumsy.

But it’s the OED nonetheless — and you can install it on your hard disk. Note that v3 will crash and ask you to reinstall the software(!) for the trivial reason that OED.INI (which resides in%SYSTEMROOT% or%windir%, e.g.

C: WINDOWS) is missing. This might happen if you overwrite OED.INI because you also run other versions of the OED, or if you aren’t privileged to write to%SYSTEMROOT%. Just use a plain-vanilla generic OED.INI to avoid this herculean task, with its array of CDs, verification, and what-not, then fine-tune the various options after you’re up and running. Something like this will suffice (set both [FILE PATHS] specs to the uppermost OED directory). States that “two of my customers have told me that [they] were able to get OED version 3.0 to run on a Mac using Microsoft’s product. In fact they both told me they got it to work without any special settings and the installation was easy.” An OSX user writes (11/2006): “I just installed v3.0 onto a MacBook Pro (via [with] Safedisk emulation checked, after applying Safedisc2Cleaner v1.20 to the SCRfrsh.exe infection) running Windows XP on. It works well.

A Windows ‘print to pdf’ program delivers results to my OSX desktop via the OED ‘Print’ command.” Another OSX user writes (4/2007): “I installed v3.1 [Release 2 dated 2005] in on machines configured with Windows XP and Windows Vista, and immediately ran the. I was asked to enter my CD-ROM sticker number, and everything works. This is great. No need for dual boot.” The same user also experimented with Apple’s. He installed OED v3.1 Release 2 (using 2005 disks) under Windows Vista, and then applied the 2007 v3.1.1 software patch. “Everything works, as expected.” Another OSX user was upgraded for free from v3.0 after complaining to OUP-US Customer Service about authentication problems: “ v3.1.1 (2007 disks) works very nicely on my Apple Powerbook, running Windows XP Professional via BootCamp.” A Linux user, who for five years(!) had been trying to get various iterations of v3.x to run under SuSE and openSuSE, finally succeeded (2/2008) with OED v3.1.1 and 32-bit.

“I just used the technique of exhaustion: if at first it doesn’t work, do it again (and again, and again) in a different order, and hope for the best. Eventually, it worked.” To no avail, he had tried “Win4Lin, VMWare, Xen, CrossOverOffice, and Wine, repeating with each new release of SuSE, plus Mandrake/Mandriva and other Linux flavours.” Success came at last with, a free Innotek product installed with openSuSE’s built-in YaST installation tool, hosting a WinXP Pro virtual machine. “It should work — provided VirtualBox is installed correctly. VirtualBox only worked for me when the kernel-source and kernel-syms packages had been pre-installed with YaST before VirtualBox.

( kernel-source and kernel-syms are not VirtualBox packages. YaST can find and install them, provided the appropriate repositories have been enabled. These can be found and enabled by following these and doing what Jem Matzan says in the paragraphs ‘Adding sources to YaST’ and ‘Adding repo addresses’ – making sure that the openSuSE build service for VirtualBox repository is checked and added to the list. Accept and when prompted trust and import the key. Then it should all go OK.) “When installing the WinXP Virtual Machine, I accepted all the defaults offered by VirtualBox.

WinXP runs happily in 192MB allocated base memory. “This is a ‘Full’ OED install, running without the Data CD in the drive. Speed is excellent (after the usual slow start). Typefaces are perfectly readable (though not perfect). When installing [OED v3.1.1 in the WinXP VM], first mount CD/DVD ROM from the ‘Devices’ menu in the Virtual Machine, then installation should proceed normally. When prompted for the Data Disc, remove the installation disc, unmount CD/DVD from the ‘Devices’ menu in the Virtual Machine, then insert the data disc and remount CD/DVD ROM.

Do the same when prompted for the discs by CD-Cops.”. The good news about version 4, released in May 2009, is that it installs to the hard disk and does not require periodic “verification”; and that there’s a native version for Macintosh OS X (but not for Linux or mobile devices — although, as usual, there’s a satisfactory ). The bad news is that the Upgrade edition is Windows-only (the Full v4.0 version includes both Windows and Mac software), and moreover you can no longer Upgrade from either the Windows or the Macintosh releases of OED version 1, but only from Windows version 2 and up (for £78 US$79.95 ¥15,000 from OUP, $63.72 at or about £39 – that’s half off the U.K. MSRP/RRP; note the incongruous £ $ pricing from OUP itself). Inter alia, this change of policy means that Mac users who bought the Mac version of OED v1 (for an astronomical price if you were an early purchaser) and have since jumped through formidable technical hoops to run the OED on their PPC and Intel Macs, are now being punished for OUP’s lengthy interval of neglect, and must purchase the Full version once again (for £169.57+VAT US$295 ¥40,000 MSRP) to obtain the first native Mac OED software since v1.0d.

According to a U.S.-based customer service rep, this was a “marketing decision” and there is “no leniency”. However, on 6 January 2009, quoted a recently-received message from OUP: “Registered Users of the Version 1.0d Mac software such as yourself will be entitled to purchase this software for £127.17 plus VAT and £3.00 postage. This price includes a 25% discount off the standard price of £169.57 plus VAT and postage.” Moreover, several Europe-based OED users speaking by phone with U.K. Customer service have successfully argued that they should not be obliged to purchase a Full version twice for (loosely-speaking) the same operating system; they have been sent the Full version at the Upgrade price. And a states that Mac v1 users with proof of purchase may upgrade, apparently for ¥13,500.

There is no mention of these ‘accommodations’ to old users on the U.K. Website — indeed, as of 15 August 2009, the Windows v4 Upgrade CD is no longer mentioned or offered for sale there! Where did it go? (A few independent U.K. Web booksellers do offer it – but for around £122, a veritable import price.) These confusing disparities in policy, pricing, availability, and conduct will be to a host of (especially North American) users (one particularly irate user “”), but a potential opportunity for others. (: “I got a mailshot telling me that as a registered user of an older version, I could get the new one for £78.

I placed my order immediately The mailshot didn’t mention that the upgrade was Windows only, it was only the order acknowledgement email that admitted that, so I complained, and the nice people at the OED very kindly offered to send me the full product at the upgrade price As I mentioned to them, there are potentially a lot of their customers who want to switch from Windows to Mac. Don’t know why their US branch should be less helpful.”) Technical Requirements (per ).