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BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. May 31, 2012. Srivastava P K, Mukherjee S, Gupta M and Islam. T, Springer verlag. Contemporary, ARI-Springer Asia Series, Springer. Chapters in Books. Adekola, O., Stamp, J.D., Majozi, T., Garg, A., and. Bandyopadhyay, S. “An announcement of the Key Word In Context index of the Prakirna.

Notable operations • • • • • • • • • • • • Website Commanders,,,,,,,,,, Notable commanders Insignia Air Force Ensign Aircraft flown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, The Indian Air Force ( IAF;: Bhāratīya Vāyu Senā) is the of the. Its complement of personnel and aircraft assets ranks fourth amongst the airforces of the world. Its primary mission is to secure Indian and to conduct during armed conflict. It was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the which honored India's aviation service during World War II with the prefix Royal. [ ] After India gained independence from the in 1947, the name Royal Indian Air Force was kept and served in the name of. With the government's transition to a Republic in 1950, the prefix Royal was removed after only three years.

Since 1950 the IAF has been involved in with neighboring and one with the People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include,, and. The IAF's mission expands beyond engagement with hostile forces, with the IAF participating in. The holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF. The, an, is a officer and is responsible for the bulk of operational command of the Air Force. There is never more than one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF. The rank of has been conferred by the President of India on one occasion in history, to.

On 26 January 2002 Singh became the first and so far, only officer of the IAF. Evolution of the IAF Roundel over the years: 1)1933–1942 2)1942–1945 3)1947–1950 4)1950 – present The IAF's mission is defined by the, the, and the Air Force Act of 1950. It decrees that in the aerial: Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation.

In practice, this is taken as a directive meaning the IAF bears the responsibility of safeguarding Indian airspace and thus furthering national interests in conjunction with the other branches of the armed forces. The IAF provides close air support to the troops on the battlefield as well as strategic and tactical airlift capabilities. The is operated by the, the civilian, and the. By uniting the civilian run space exploration organizations and the military faculty under a single Integrated Space Cell the military is able to efficiently benefit from innovation in the civilian sector of space exploration, and the civilian departments benefit as well.

[ ] The Indian Air Force, with highly trained crews, pilots, and access to modern military assets provides India with the capacity to provide rapid response evacuation, search-and-rescue (SAR) operations, and delivery of relief supplies to affected areas via cargo aircraft. The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the, the, and in 2013.

The IAF has also undertaken relief missions such as Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka. A, one of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 in as an auxiliary air force of the. The enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932 stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.

On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by British Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal). World War II (1939–1945) [ ]. Photo: (middle) as Flight Lieutenant. He went on to become.

During, the IAF played an instrumental role in halting the advance of the in, where the first IAF air strike was executed. The target for this first mission was the Japanese military base in, after which IAF strike missions continued against the Japanese airbases at, and in northern. The IAF was mainly involved in,,, and Pathfinding [ ] missions for RAF and USAAF [ ] Heavy bombers. RAF and IAF pilots would train by flying with their non-native air wings to gain combat experience and communication proficiency. IAF pilots participated in air operations in Europe as part of the RAF. During the war, the IAF experienced a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft added to the fleet included the US built,, the British,, and.

In recognition of the valient service by the IAF, conferred the 'Royal' in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the Royal Indian Air Force. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force. First years of independence (1947–1950) [ ]. Refugees awaiting by IAF on airstrip, December 1947. After it became independent from the in 1947, was into the new states of the and the.

Along the lines of the geographical partition, the assets of the air force were divided between the new countries. India's air force retained the name of the Royal Indian Air Force, but three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities, located within the borders of Pakistan, were transferred to the.

The RIAF Roundel was changed to an interim 'Chakra' roundel derived from the. Around the same time, conflict broke out between them over the control of the. With Pakistani forces moving into the state, its Maharaja decided to accede to India in order to receive military help.

The day after, the was signed, the RIAF was called upon to transport troops into the war zone. And this was when a good management of logistics came into help. This led to the eruption of full-scale war between India and Pakistan, though there was no formal declaration of war. During the war, the RIAF did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops. When India became a republic in 1950, the prefix 'Royal' was dropped from the Indian Air Force.

At the same time, the current IAF roundel was adopted. Congo crisis and Annexation of Goa (1960–1961) [ ] The IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, when over ended abruptly, engulfing the nation in. The IAF activated, equipped with, to support the. The squadron started undertaking operational missions in November.

The unit remained there until 1966, when the UN mission ended. Operating from and, the Canberras soon destroyed the rebel Air Force and provided the UN ground forces with its only long-range air support force.

In late 1961, the Indian government decided to attach the Portuguese colony of Goa after years of disagreement between and. The Indian Air Force was requested to provide support elements to the ground force in what was called. Probing flights by some fighters and bombers were carried out from 8–18 December to draw out the, but to no avail. On 18 December, two waves of bombers bombed the runway of Dabolim airfield taking care not to bomb the Terminals and the ATC tower. Two Portuguese transport aircraft (a and a ) found on the airfield were left alone so that they could be captured intact. However the Portuguese pilots managed to take off the aircraft from the still damaged airfield and made their getaway to. Attacked the wireless station at Bambolim.

Were used to provide air support to the ground forces. In, were used to strike Portuguese gun positions. (called Toofanis in the IAF) bombed the runways at and destroyed the control tower, wireless station and the meteorological station. After the Portuguese surrendered the former colony was integrated into India. Border disputes and changes in the IAF (1962–1971) [ ]. See also: In 1962, border disagreements between China and India escalated to a war when China mobilised its troops across the Indian border. During the, India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAF against the invading Chinese forces.

This resulted in India losing a significant amount of advantage to the Chinese; especially in. Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, Pakistan launched, strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule. This came to be known as the. This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.

However, instead of providing close air support to the, the IAF carried out independent raids against bases. These bases were situated deep inside Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire. During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed technological superiority over the IAF and had achieved substantial strategic and tactical advantage due to their sudden attack and whole hearted diplomatic and military support from the US and Britain. The IAF was restrained by the government from retaliating to PAF attacks in the eastern sector while a substantive part of its combat force was deployed there and could not be transferred to the western sector, against the possibility of Chinese intervention. Moreover, international (UN) stipulations and norms did not permit military force to be introduced into the Indian state of J&K beyond what was agreed during the 1949 ceasefire. Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones. The small and nimble IAF proved effective against the of the PAF earning it the nickname 'Sabre Slayers'.

By the time the conflict had ended, the IAF lost 60–70 aircraft, while the PAF lost 43 aircraft. More than 60% of IAF's aircraft losses took place in Ground Attack missions to enemy ground-fire, since fighter-bomber aircraft would carry out repeated dive attacks on the same target. According to, of the Indian Air Force, despite having been qualitatively inferior, IAF achieved air superiority in three days in the. The first indigenous fighter jet to enter service with the IAF. After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes to improve its capabilities. In 1966, the regiment was created. To increase its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAF inducted 72 which were built by (HAL) under license from.

India started to put more stress on indigenous manufacture of. As a result,, designed by the famed German, were inducted into the air force. HAL also started developing an improved version of the, known as. At the same time, the IAF also started inducting capable Soviet and fighters.

Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) [ ] By late 1971, the intensification of the independence movement in erstwhile lead to the between India and Pakistan. On 22 November 1971, 10 days before the start of a full-scale war, four PAF jets attacked Indian and positions at, near the international border.

Two of the four PAF Sabres and one damaged by the IAF's. On 3 December, India formally against Pakistan following massive by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur. However, the IAF did not suffer significantly because the leadership had anticipated such a move and precautions were taken. The Indian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostly defensive. Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 12,000 sorties over East Pakistan and also provided to the advancing Indian Army. IAF also assisted the in its operations against the and in the and.

1001 Nights Turkish Serial Movies On Dvd on this page. On the western front, the IAF destroyed more than 20 Pakistani tanks, 4 and a supply train during the. The IAF undertook strategic bombing of by carrying out raids on oil installations in, the and a gas plant in Sindh. Similar strategy was also deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved complete on the eastern front, the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged. By the time Pakistani forces surrendered, the IAF destroyed 94 The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions – troop support; air combat; deep penetration strikes; para-dropping behind enemy lines; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target; bombing; and reconnaissance.

In contrast, the Pakistan Air Force, which was solely focused on air combat, was blown out of the subcontinent’s skies within the first week of the war. Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers, refusing to offer a fight. Hostilities officially ended at 14:30 GMT on 17 December, after the fall of Dacca on 15 December. India claimed large gains of territory in West Pakistan (although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war), and the independence of Pakistan's East wing as Bangladesh was confirmed. The IAF had flown over 16,000 sorties on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft and helicopters.

While the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840. More than 80 percent of the IAF's sorties were close-support and interdiction, and according to neutral assessments about 45 IAF Aircraft were lost while, lost 75 aircraft. Not including any F-6s, Mirage IIIs, or the six Jordanian F-104s which failed to return to their donors. But the imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF's considerably higher sortie rate, and its emphasis on ground-attack missions. On the ground Pakistan suffered most, with 9,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded. The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced.

This represented a major defeat for Pakistan. Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pakistani forces to surrender, demoralising Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.

Incidents before Kargil (1984–1988) [ ] In 1984, India launched to capture the in the contested region. In Op Meghdoot, IAF's, and helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen. Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrain and climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neither Pakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. With India's successful, it gained control of the. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the immediately west of the glacier—,, and. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.

According to, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km 2) of territory because of its military operations in Siachen. IAF were used to airdrop humanitarian supplies in. Following the inability to negotiate an end to the, and to provide humanitarian aid through an unarmed convoy of ships, the Indian Government decided to carry out an airdrop of the humanitarian supplies on the evening of 4 June 1987 designated (: Garland) or Eagle Mission 4. Five escorted by four of 7 Sqn AF, 'The Battleaxes', carried out the supply drop which faced no opposition from the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.

Another orbited 150 km away, acting as an airborne relay of messages to the entire fleet since they would be outside radio range once they descended to low levels. The Mirage 2000 escort formation was led by Wg Cdr Ajit Bhavnani, with Sqn Ldrs Bakshi, NA Moitra and JS Panesar as his team members and Sqn Ldr KG Bewoor as the relay pilot. Sri Lanka accused India of 'blatant violation of sovereignty'. India insisted that it was acting only on humanitarian grounds. In 1987, the IAF supported the (IPKF) in northern and eastern in. About 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force in support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted. IAF An-32s maintained a continuous air link between air bases in South India and Northern Sri Lanka transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties.

Mi-8s supported the ground forces and also provided air transportation to the Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections. Mi-25s of No. 125 Helicopter Unit were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic. On the night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air Force mounted special operations to airlift a parachute battalion group from, non-stop over 2,000 kilometres to the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of the Maldives in response to Maldivian president 's request for military help against a mercenary invasion in. 44 Squadron landed at at 0030 hours and the Indian paratroopers secured the airfield and restored Government rule at Male within hours. Four Mirage 2000 aircraft of 7 Sqn, led by Wg Cdr AV 'Doc' Vaidya, carried out a show of force early that morning, making low-level passes over the islands. Kargil War (1999) [ ] On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing with the use of helicopters.

The IAF strike was code named. The first strikes were launched on 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and. The initial strikes saw MiG-27s carrying out offensive sorties, with and later providing fighter cover. The IAF also deployed its radars and the fighters in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.

Airport was at this time closed to civilian air-traffic and dedicated to the Indian Air Force. On 27 May, the Indian Air Force suffered its first fatality when it lost a and a in quick succession. The following day, while on an offensive sortie, a Mi-17 was shot down by three missiles and lost its entire crew of four. Following these losses the IAF immediately withdrew helicopters from offensive roles as a measure against the threat of (MANPAD). On 30 May, the were introduced in offensive capability, as they were deemed better in performance under the high-altitude conditions of the conflict zone. Mirage 2000s were not only better equipped to counter the MANPAD threat compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night.

The MiG-29s were used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000. Radar transmissions of Pakistani F-16s were picked up repeatedly, but these aircraft stayed away. The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and severely disrupted their supply lines.

Mirage 2000s were used for strikes on Muntho Dhalo and the heavily defended and paved the way for their early recapture. At the height of the conflict, the IAF was conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region. By 26 July, the Indian forces had successfully repulsed the Pakistani forces from Kargil.

Post Kargil incidents (1999–present) [ ] On 10 August 1999, IAF intercepted a which was flying over, a disputed territory. Killing all 16 Pakistani Navy personnel on board. India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAF air defence, a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on a training mission. Since the late 1990s, the Indian Air Force has been modernising its fleet to counter challenges in the new century. The fleet size of the IAF has decreased to 33 squadrons during this period because of the retirement of older aircraft.

Still, India maintains the fourth largest air force in the world. The IAF plans to raise its strength to 42 squadrons. Self-reliance is the main aim that is being pursued by the defence research and manufacturing agencies.

On 20 August 2013, the Indian Air Force created a world record by performing the highest landing of a at the airstrip in at the height of 16614 feet (5065 meters). The medium-lift aircraft will be used to deliver troops, supplies and improve communication networks. The aircraft belonged to the Veiled Vipers squadron based. On 13 July 2014, two were sent from to investigate a aircraft over when it repeated an, provided by another commercial passenger plane that had already entered Indian airspace before it.

The flights were on their way to Mumbai and Delhi, and the planes were later allowed to proceed after their credentials were verified. On 25 July 2014, an advanced landing helicopter crashed in a field near in, on its way to from. At least 7 people were killed as a result. On 28 March 2014, C-130J-30 KC-3803 crashed near, India, killing all 5 personnel aboard. The aircraft was conducting low level penetration training by flying at around 300 ft when it ran into from another aircraft in the formation, which caused it to crash. On 2 January 2016, the was attacked by terrorists resulting in seven casualties.

On 22 November 2017 at 10:40 AM, the IAF became the first air force in the world to successfully fire an air launched 2.8 Mach surface attack Brahmos missile. [ ] Structure [ ] The is the of all and by virtue of that fact is the national Commander-in-chief of the Air Force. The with the rank of is the Commander of the Indian Air Force. He is assisted by six officers, all with the rank of air marshal: Post Current Holder Air Marshal, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, VM Deputy Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Raghunath Nambiar, AVSM, VM Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Operations) Air Marshal PN Pradhan, AVSM Air Marshal M K Malik, AVSM, VSM Air Officer in Charge of Personnel Air Marshal B Suresh, AVSM, VM Air Officer in Charge of Maintenance Air Marshal P. Khandekar Air Marshal S Harpal Singh, AVSM, SM Director General of Air Operations Air Marshal H S Arora, AVSM Director General of Medical Services (Air) Air Marshal Pawan Kapoor, VSM Bar, PHS In January 2002, the conferred the rank of on making him the first and only officer with the Indian Air Force and ceremonial chief of the air force. Commands [ ].

Main article: The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of an operational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility, whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintain. Aside from the Training Command at Bangalore, the primary flight training is done at the (located in ), followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officer training for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialised advanced flight training schools are located at, and, Telangana (also the location for helicopter training).

Technical schools are found at a number of other locations. Operational Commands • (CAC), headquartered at, Uttar Pradesh • (EAC), headquartered at, Meghalaya • (SAC), headquartered at, Kerala • (SWAC), headquartered at, Gujarat • (WAC), headquartered at Functional Commands • (TC), headquartered at, Karnataka • (MC), headquartered at, Maharashtra Within each operational command are anywhere from three to 10 or stations, each commanded by an.

• • • A is a formation intermediate between a command and a squadron. It generally consists of two or three IAF squadrons and helicopter units, along with forward base support units (FBSU).

FBSUs do not have or host any squadrons or helicopter units but act as transit airbases for routine operations. In times of war, they can become fully fledged air bases playing host to various squadrons. In all, about 47 wings and 19 FBSUs make up the IAF.

Wings are typically commanded by a. Squadrons and units [ ] are the field units and formations attached to static locations. Thus, a flying squadron or unit is a sub-unit of an air force station which carries out the primary task of the IAF. A fighter squadron consists of 18 aircraft; all fighter squadrons are headed by a with the rank of.

Some transport squadrons and helicopter units are headed by a commanding officer with the rank of. Flights [ ] are sub-divisions of, commanded by a. Each flight consists of two sections. Sections [ ] The smallest unit is the section, led by a. Each section consists of three aircraft. Within this formation structure, IAF has several service branches for day-to-day operations. They are: Flying Branch • Flying Technical Branch • Engineering Ground Branch • Logistics • Administration • Accounts • Education • Medical & Dental • Meteorological Garud Commando Force [ ].

Main article: In September 2009, the IAFMM. Established its own unit called the, consisting of approximately 1,500 personnel. For starting this special force volunteers from exiting trades were called and sent for commando and specialised training at various institutes of army and other forces.

The airmen who successfully completed all course were inducted in Garud force, while special recruitment and selections from various IAF training institute were made for selecting young air warriors for Garud SF. By doing this IAF got two set of personnel for its SF, i.e. Experienced senior lot with experience of working in various IAF units and younger airmen who can be groomed and brought up to the standards of SF. The unit derives its name from, a divine mythical bird of, but more commonly the word for in.

Garud is tasked with the protection of critical installations; During hostilities, Garuds undertake combat search and rescue, rescue of downed airmen and other forces from behind enemy lines, suppression of enemy air defence (SEAD), radar busting, combat control, missile and munitions guidance ('lasing' of targets) and other missions in support of air operations. It has been suggested that they undertake an offensive role including raids on enemy air bases etc. During times of war. Apart from protecting air bases from sabotage and attacks by commando raids, they are also tasked to seal off weapons systems, fighter hangars and other major systems during intrusions and conflicts. And disaster relief during calamities.

Integrated Space Cell [ ]. Main article: An Integrated Space Cell, which will be jointly operated by all the three services of the Indian armed forces, the civilian Department of Space and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes. This command will leverage space technology including satellites. Unlike an aerospace command, where the air force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages co-operation and co-ordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.

India currently has 10 remote sensing satellites in orbit. Though most are not meant to be dedicated military satellites, some have a spatial resolution of 1 metre or below which can be also used for military applications. Noteworthy satellites include the (TES) which has a panchromatic camera (PAN) with a resolution of 1-metre, the which is capable of imaging in all-weather conditions and has a resolution of one metre, the, and which carries a panchromatic camera which has a resolution of 80 centimetres (black and white only). Display teams [ ].

The Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) ( Surya Kiran is for Sun Rays) is an demonstration team of the Indian Air Force. They were formed in 1996 and are successors to the Thunderbolts. The team has a total of 13 pilots (selected from the fighter stream of the IAF) and operate 9 painted in a 'day-glo orange' and white. The Surya Kiran team were conferred squadron status in 2006, and presently have the designation of 52 Squadron ( 'The Sharks'). The team is based at the Indian Air Force Station. The IAF has begun the process of converting Surya Kirans to BAE Hawks. Sarang ( for Peacock) is the Helicopter Display Team of the Indian Air Force.

The team was formed in October 2003 and their first public performance was at the Asian Aerospace Show,, 2004. The team flies four painted in red and white with a peacock figure at each side of the fuselage. The team is based at the Indian Air Force base at Air Force Station Sulur,. Personnel [ ]. Officers of the IAF in their. Over the years reliable sources provided notably divergent estimates of the personnel strength of the Indian Air Force after analysing. The public policy organisation GlobalSecurity.org had estimated that the IAF had an estimated strength of 110,000 active personnel in 1994.

In 2006, Anthony Cordesman estimated that strength to be 170,000 in the (IISS) publication 'The Asian Conventional Military Balance in 2006'. In 2010, James Hackett revised that estimate to an approximate strength of 127,000 active personnel in the IISS publication 'Military Balance 2010'.,, officially released the sanctioned strength of the Indian Air Force in reply to a question in the.

In 2017, the Indian Air Force had an authorised strength of 12,244 officers and 138,596 enlisted personnel. There was a shortage of 273 officers with the held strength of 11,971 officers. Similarly, there was a shortage of 10,428 enlisted personnel with the held strength of 128,168. Rank structure [ ]. Main article: The rank structure of the Indian Air Force is based on that of the. The highest rank attainable in the IAF is, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime.

MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the, who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal. Officers [ ] Anyone holding Indian citizenship can apply to be an officer in the Air Force as long as they satisfy the eligibility criteria. There are four entry points to become an officer.

Male applicants, who are between the ages of 16½ and 19 and have passed high school graduation, can apply at the Intermediate level. Men and women applicants, who have graduated from college (three-year course) and are between the ages of 18 and 28, can apply at the Graduate level entry. Graduates of engineering colleges can apply at the Engineer level if they are between the ages of 18 and 28 years.

The age limit for the flying and ground duty branch is 23 years of age and for technical branch is 28 years of age. After completing a master's degree, men and women between the ages of 18 and 28 years can apply at the Post Graduate level. Post graduate applicants do not qualify for the flying branch. For the technical branch the age limit is 28 years and for the ground duty branch it is 25. At the time of application, all applicants below 25 years of age must be single. The IAF selects candidates for officer training from these applicants. After completion of training, a candidate is commissioned as a.

Ranks of the Indian Air Force – Officer Ranks Shoulder Sleeve Rank 1 2 • 1 Honorary/War time rank • 2 Held only by the. • in cavalry and armoured regiments • in cavalry and armoured regiments • in cavalry and armoured regiments. Called as until 1965. Airmen [ ] The duty of an airman in the Indian Air Force is to make sure that all the air and ground operations run smoothly. From operating Air Defence systems to fitting missiles, they are involved in all activities of an air base and give support to various technical and non-technical jobs.

The airmen of Technical trades are responsible for maintenance, repair and prepare for use the propulsion system of aircraft and other airborne weapon delivery system, Radar, Voice/Data transmission and reception equipment, latest airborne weapon delivery systems, all types of light, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic systems of airborne missiles, aero engines, aircraft fuelling equipment and heavy duty mechanical vehicles, cranes and loading equipment etc. The competent and qualified Airmen from Technical trades also participate in flying as Flight Engineers, Flight Signallers and Flight Gunners. The recruitment of personnel below officer rank is conducted through All India Selection Tests and Recruitment Rallies. All India Selection Tests are conducted among 15 Airmen Selection Centres (ASCs) located all over India. These centres are under the direct functional control of Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB), with administrative control and support by respective commands. The role of CASB is to carry out selection and enrolment of airmen from the Airmen Selection Centres for their respective commands. Candidates initially take a written test at the time of application.

Those passing the written test undergo a physical fitness test, an interview conducted in English, and medical examination. Candidates for training are selected from individuals passing the battery of tests, on the basis of their performance. Upon completion of training, an individual becomes an Airman. Some MWOs and WOs are granted honorary commission in the last year of their service as an honorary Flying Officer or before retiring from the service.

Airmen during Air Force Day celebration. The logo () of IAF can be seen on the aircraft. Ranks of the Indian Air Force – enlisted ranks Enlisted Shoulder Arm Sleeve Rank Honorary officers [ ] • was the first sportsperson and the first civilian without an background to be awarded the honorary rank of by the Indian Air Force. Non combatants enrolled and civilians [ ] Non combatants enrolled (NCs(E)) were established in British India as personal assistants to the officer class, and are equivalent to the orderly or sahayak of the Indian Army. Almost all the commands have some percentage of civilian strength which are central government employees. These are regular ranks which are prevalent in ministries.

They are usually not posted outside their stations and are employed in administrative and non-technical work. Training and education [ ]. Main article: The Indian Armed Forces have set up numerous military academies across India for training its personnel, such as the (NDA). Besides the tri-service institutions, the Indian Air Force has a and several training establishments. While technical and other support staff are trained at various Ground Training Schools, the pilots are trained at the (located in ).

The at, the at, the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at, the at, the at, and the Paratrooper’s Training School at are some of the other training establishments of the IAF. Aircraft [ ]. See also: The Indian Air Force has aircraft and equipment of Russian (erstwhile Soviet Union), British, French, Israeli, US and Indian origins with Russian aircraft dominating its inventory. HAL produces some of the Russian and British aircraft in India under licence. The exact number of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from open sources. Various reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibility aircraft. Estimates there to be around 1,721 aircraft in service with the IAF.

While the provides a similar estimate of 1,724 aircraft. Both sources agree there are approximately 900 combat capable (fighter, attack etc.) aircraft in the IAF. Multi-role fighters and strike aircraft [ ] •: The IAF's primary with the additional capability to conduct air-ground (strike) missions is. The IAF have placed an order for a total of 272 Su-30MKIs of which 242 are in service as of January 2016.

•: The known as Baaz ( for Hawk) is a dedicated air superiority fighter and constitutes a second line of defence after the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. 69 MiG-29s are in service, all of which have been recently upgraded to the MiG-29UPG standard.

•: The, known as Vajra ( for Diamond or thunderbolt) in Indian service, is the primary, the IAF currently operates 49 Mirage 2000Hs and 8 Mirage 2000 TH all of which are currently being upgraded to the Mirage 2000-5 MK2 standard with Indian specific modifications and 2 Mirage 2000-5 MK2 are in service as of March 2015. •: The MiG-21s are planned to be replaced by the indigenously built. The first Tejas IAF unit, Flying Daggers was formed on 1 July 2016 with two aircraft.

Initially being stationed at, the first squadron will be placed at its home base at Sulur, Tamil Nadu. The Tejas will comprise 40 aircraft of the MK1 variant and 83 of the MK1A variant.

The latter will have an AESA radar, improved EW fit and internal changes for ease of maintenance. Tejas •: The known as Shamsher serves as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates 139 Jaguars. The first batch of DARIN-1 Jaguars are now going through a DARIN-3 upgrade being equipped with EL/M-2052 AESA radars, and an improved jamming suite plus new avionics. •: The known as Bahadur (Hindi for Valiant) serves as the IAF's primary ground attack force. The IAF currently operates over 85 MiG-27s.

The type will be phased out soon to account for increasing serviceability concerns and 40 of them have been upgraded for improved strike missions, including laser designation and with self-protection jamming •: The serves as an in the IAF. The IAF have phased out most of its MiG-21s and plans to keep only 125 that have been upgraded to MiG-21 Bison standard. These aircraft will be phased out between 2014 and 2017. Download The Broadview Anthology Of Expository Prose Ebook Readers. Airborne early warning and control aircraft [ ] The IAF is currently training the crew in operating the indigenously developed flying on the Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft. The IAF also operates the Phalcon AEW&C incorporated in a platform. A total of 3 such systems are currently in service, with possible orders for 2 more.

The two extra Phalcons are currently in negotiation over price differences between Russia and India. India is also going ahead with Project India, an inhouse AWACS program to develop and deliver 6 Phalcon class AWACS, based on DRDO work on the smaller AEW&CS. Aerial refuelling [ ] The IAF currently operates 7 MKIs in the aerial refuelling (tanker) role. Transport aircraft [ ]. For operations the IAF uses the, known as Gajraj (Hindi for King Elephant) in Indian service.

The IAF operated 17 Il-76s in 2010, which are in the process of being replaced. The IAF are used by special forces for combined Army-Air Force operations. India purchased six C-130Js; however one crashed at on 28 March 2014 while on a training mission, killing all 5 on board and destroying the aircraft.

The, known in Indian service as the Sutlej (named after ), serves as a medium transport aircraft in the IAF. The aircraft is also used in bombing roles and para-dropping operations. The IAF currently operates 105 An-32s, all of which are being upgraded.

The serves as light transport aircraft in the IAF. The IAF also operates 737s and Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy aircraft as VIP transports and passenger airliners for troops. Other VIP transport aircraft are used for both the and the under the call sign. The once formed the backbone of the IAF's transport fleet, but are now used mainly for training and communication duties.

A replacement is under consideration. Trainer aircraft [ ]. The is IAF's basic flight training aircraft for cadets.

The HPT-32 was grounded in July 2009 following a crash that killed two senior flight instructors, but was revived in May 2010 and is to be fitted with a parachute recovery system (PRS) to enhance survivability during an emergency in the air and to bring the trainer down safely. The HPT-32 is to be phased out soon. The HPT 32 has been replaced by Pilatus, a Swiss aircraft. The IAF uses the for intermediate flight training of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides advanced flight and weapons training. The HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2 is also operated by the Aerobatic Team (SKAT) of the IAF.

The Kiran is to be replaced by the. The serves as an advanced jet trainer in the IAF and is progressively replacing the Kiran Mk.II. The IAF has begun the process of converting the display team to Hawks. A total of 106 BAE Hawk trainers have been ordered by the IAF of which 39 have entered service as of July 2010.

IAF also ordered 72 SW 80 microlight aircraft for basic training purpose. Helicopters [ ] The serves primarily as a light utility helicopter in the IAF. In addition to transport and utility roles, newer Dhruvs are also used as attack helicopters. 4 Dhruvs are also operated by the Indian Air Force Helicopter Display Team. The is a light utility helicopter and is used primarily for training, rescue and light transport roles in the IAF.

The HAL Chetak is being gradually replaced by HAL Dhruv. The is a light utility helicopter used for high altitude operations. It is used for both transport and search-and-rescue missions in the IAF. The and the, Mi-17 1V and Mi-17V 5 are operated by the IAF for medium lift strategic and utility roles.

The Mi-8 is being progressively replaced by the Mi-17 series of helicopters. The IAF has ordered 22 Boeing AH-64E Apache attack Helicopters, 68 HAL Light Combat Helicopters(LCH),35 HAL Rudra attack Helicopters, 15 CH-47F Chinook heavy lift helicopters and 150 Mi-17V-5s to replace and augment its existing fleet of Mi-8s and Mi-17s and Mi-24's. The serves as a heavy lift helicopter in the IAF. It can also be used to transport troops or as a flying ambulance.

The IAF currently operates 3 Mi-26s. The serves primarily as an attack helicopter in the IAF. The Mil Mi-35 can also act as a low-capacity troop transport.

The IAF currently operates 2 squadrons (No.104 Firebirds and No.125 Gladiators) of Mi-25/35s. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles [ ] The IAF currently uses the and for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. The serves as an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) which is designed to attack radar systems.

The IAF also operates the which serves as realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training. Land-based missile systems [ ]. Surface-To Air Missiles [ ] The SPYDER (Surface-to-air PYthon and DERby) is an Israeli short and medium range mobile air defence system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems with assistance from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). The SPYDER is a low-level, quick-reaction surface-to-air missile system capable of engaging aircraft, helicopters, unmanned air vehicles, drones, and precision-guided munitions. It provides air defence for fixed assets and for point and area defence for mobile forces in combat areas.

Six SPYDER-MRs along with 300 Python-5 surface to missiles (SAMs) and 300 Derby SAMs are in service with the Indian Air Force The and the as systems in service are being replaced with the medium range surface-to-air missile system. A total of 8 squadrons has been ordered so far out of which 2 squadrons have been delivered and stationed at Gwalior and Pune. Ballistic missiles [ ] The IAF currently operates the Prithvi-II short-range (SRBM). The Prithvi-II is an IAF-specific variant of the ballistic missile. Future of the Indian Air Force [ ]. Main article: The number of aircraft in the IAF has been decreasing from the late 1990s due to retirement of older aircraft and several crashes. To deal with the depletion of force levels, the IAF has started to modernise its fleet.

This includes both the upgrade of existing aircraft, equipment and infrastructure as well as induction of new aircraft and equipment, both indigenous and imported. As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons. Expected future acquisitions [ ] Single-engined fighter [ ] On 3 January 2017, addressed a media conference and announced plans for a competition to select a Strategic Partner to deliver '. 200 new single engine fighters to be made in India, which will easily cost around ()$45 million apiece without weaponry' with an expectation that (USA) and (Sweden) will pitch the Block 70 and, respectively.

An MoD official said that a global tender will be put to market in the first quarter of 2018, with a private company nominated as the strategic partners production agency followed by a two or more year process to evaluate technical and financial bids and conduct trials, before the final government-to-government deal in 2021. This represents 11 squadrons of aircraft plus several 'attrition' aircraft. Current acquisitions [ ]. Dassault Rafale The IAF has placed orders for 120 fighters, 36 multi-role fighters, 112 MkII basic trainers, 72 trainers, 72 SW 80 microlight aircraft, 10 C-17 Globemaster III strategic air-lifters, 65, 139 helicopters. And the IAF has also ordered 18 Israeli Surface to Air Missile (SAM) units.

IAF has also ordered 6 tanker aircraft, 22 heavy attack helicopters, 15 medium lift helicopters and UCAVs. India is also planning to set up an assembly line of American in Bengaluru.

It is not yet confirmed whether IAF will induct these aircraft or not. CH-47F Chinook The IAF has issued a Request for Information (RFI) for 16 medium military transport aircraft. A new Request For Information has been issued to replace for $2.4 billion. The IAF also submitted a request for information to international suppliers for a stealth unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) DRDO and HAL projects [ ] Indian defence companies such as and are developing several aircraft for the IAF such as the, (AMCA), (revived from the Project),,, HAL HTT-40, (LCH), (LUH), and (Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft) UCAV. DRDO has developed the Akash missile system for the IAF and is developing the SAM with MBDA. DRDO is also developing the ballistic missile.

HAL has undertaken the joint development of the (Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft) (a derivative project of the ) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA) with Russia's (UAC).HAL is also close to develop its own fifth generation fighter aircraft HAL Amca which will be inducted by 2028. DRDO has entered in a joint venture with (IAI) to develop the SAM. DRDO is developing the air-launched version of the cruise missile in a joint venture with Russia's. DRDO has now successfully developed the nuclear capable cruise missile.

Network-centric warfare [ ] The (AFNET), a robust digital information grid that enabled quick and accurate threat responses, was launched in 2010, helping the IAF become a truly network-centric air force. AFNET is a secure communication network linking command and control centres with offensive aircraft, sensor platforms and ground missile batteries. Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS), an automated system for Air Defence operations will ride the AFNet backbone integrating ground and airborne sensors, weapon systems and command and control nodes.

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Engineering books can be downloaded free (legally) fromobooko.com/obooko_compinternet/free_ebooks_computers_internet_001.html Out-of-copyright books that can be downloaded, includingengineering books, are available at Project Gutenberg (a couple),Google Books (choose the Full view option for downloadable ones),and Internet Archive. More recent engineering books, articles, andreports can be found at Information Bridge: Department of EnergyScientific and Technical Information, National Academies Press,O'Reilly Open Books Project, IBM Redbooks, and arXiv.org e-Printarchive.

(Links are provided below.) The ones providing books stillprotected by copyright, such as O'Reilly and National AcademiesPress, are not offering all of their books as free downloads, soyou may need to browse the subject to find free downloadable ones. If you are after copyright-protected books that are not offered forfree by the author or publisher, the provided links will not help.If you are affiliated with a university, check with the universitylibrary because it may subscribe to databases or resources thatprovide free electronic copyright-protected books and journalarticles. The free mechanical engineering books in this category are designedto help you. Mathematics is one of the great eBooks available todownload at bookboon.com/en/mechanics-ebooks.

Probably, the most comprehensive source of contemporary books forteens is obooko: obooko.com/obooko_teenya/free-ebooks-teen-ya-001.html Manybooks.net has a pretty good select ion of classics and even somerecent novels (particularly scifi by people like Cory Doctorow).Manybooks is also great if you just want to browse for anything,and you can download different file types (mobi for the Kindle,pdf, etc). Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org) just for classics Night Shade Books (nightshadebooks.com) is great for free recentshort stories and some novels. Also if you can get access to a university library, netlibrary.comhas fiction and academic texts Those are the best legal ways I know of to download books. Downloading an eBook for free is easy, but the process is differentdepending on where you get the eBook, and the device you are using(Kindle, Nook, iPad, iPhone, Sony, etc.) T here are many good sites that offer eBooks for free. Generally,you want to keep an eye out for sites that specialize in eBooks,and will work to maintain the quality of the content high and thevolume of junk low. For comprehensive sites that cover many different formats checkout: - Scribd: has an easy to follow visual browsing format, andincludes releases from major publishers as well as self publishedcontent. - Obooko: has over 2300 free ebooks in all genres andcategories.

All contemporary and legally-licensed for freedistribution by obooko. - Project Gutenburg: a huge repository of books that are outof copyright. Classics, and older works that may not be on the bestseller list, but basically 99 percent of everything published 50+years ago. The classics, old pulp fiction, historical novels, selfhelp books.

- Manybooks: This is a front end for Project Gutenburg andseveral other repositories of free eBooks that helps you tomanipulate the format. This is particularly helpful to deal withformatting for your particular eBook reader. For something a little different: - Daily Lit will deliver a book in installments to yourdevice for free.