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Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012 (Milady's Standard Cosmetology) [Milady] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Since 1938, the Milady Standard Cosmetology has been the premier textbook for Cosmetology education. Each subsequent edition has evolved with the changing styles of the era while.

The ancient Roman (286–305 AD) in contains one of the earliest known illustrations of a bikini. Archaeologist described the earliest bikini-like costume in, in the era (around 5600 BC), where a mother goddess is depicted astride two leopards wearing a costume somewhat like a bikini. The two-piece swimsuit can be traced back to the, where bikini-like garments worn by women athletes are depicted on and paintings dating back to 1400 BC.

In Coronation of the Winner, a in the floor of a in that dates from the (286–305 AD), young women participate in weightlifting, discus throwing, and running ball games dressed in bikini-like garments (technically bandeaukinis in modern lexicon). The mosaic, found in the, features ten maidens who have been anachronistically dubbed the '. Other archaeological finds depict the goddess in a similar garment. In, depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere, in the of the, and in an garden of. Bikini precursors in the West [ ]. Actress in beachwear that bares legs and midriff, 1935 Swimming or bathing outdoors was discouraged in the, so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costumes until the 18th century.

The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve -type gown made of wool or flannel that retained coverage and modesty. In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer was arrested on a beach for wearing form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England, although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910. In 1913, designer made the first functional two-piece swimwear. Inspired by the introduction of females into Olympic swimming he designed a close-fitting costume with shorts for the bottom and short sleeves for the top. During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from 'taking in the water' to 'taking in the sun', at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features.

Was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic. And were also sometimes used.

By the 1930s, manufacturers had lowered necklines in the back, removed sleeves, and tightened the sides. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly and, swimsuits gradually began hugging the body through the 1930s, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning. Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of. The 1932 Hollywood film Three on a Match featured a midriff baring two piece bathing suit.

Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public. Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like 1949's in which wore provocatively named costumes such as 'Double Entendre' and 'Honey Child'. Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942, the United States issued Regulation L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear. To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers removed skirt panels and other attachments, while increasing production of the two-piece swimsuit with bare midriffs.

At the same time, demand for all swimwear declined as there was not much interest in going to the beach, especially in Europe. Modern bikini [ ].

The 1967 film is mostly remembered because it featured actress as the first Indian actress to wear a bikini on film. She also posed in a bikini for the glossy magazine. The costume shocked a conservative Indian audience, but it also set in motion a trend carried forward by in (1973) and (1980), in (1973), and in Yeh Nazdeekiyan (1982). Indian women wear bikinis when they vacation abroad or in without the family.

Despite the conservative ideas prevalent in India, bikinis have become more popular. In summer, when women take up swimming, often in a public space, a lot of tankinis, shorts and single-piece swimsuits are sold. The maximum sales for bikinis happen in the winter, the honeymoon season. By the end of the first decade of 21st century, the Chinese bikini industry became a serious international threat for the Brazilian bikini industry.,, China set the world record for the largest bikini parade in 2012, with 1,085 participants and a photo shoot involving 3,090 women.

For most parts of the, bikinis are either banned or is highly controversial. In 1966, In 1973, when magazine Ash-Shabaka printed a bikini-clad woman on the cover they had to make a second version with only the face of the model. In 2011, ( 2011), when she posed for the cover of Lilac (based in ) became the first bikini-clad Arab model on the cover of an Arabic magazine. Bikini variants [ ].

Selection of bikinis in shop window in the United States, 2005 While the name 'bikini' was at first applied only to beachwear that revealed the wearer's navel, today the fashion industry considers any two-piece swimsuit a bikini. Modern bikini fashions are characterized by a simple, brief design: two triangles of fabric that form a bra and cover the woman's and a third that forms a panty cut below the navel that covers the and the. Bikinis can and have been made out of almost every possible clothing material, and the fabrics and other materials used to make bikinis are an essential element of their design. Modern bikinis were first made of cotton and jersey. 's introduction of Lycra () in the 1960s completely changed how bikinis were designed and worn, as according to Kelly Killoren Bensimon, a former model and author of The Bikini Book, 'the advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini.it didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore.'

Alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and crocheted squares surfaced in the early 1970s. In a single fashion show in 1985, there were two-piece suits with instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux, suits that resembled bikinis from the front and one-pieces from the back,,, and deep navel-baring cutouts.

Metal and stone jewelery pieces are now often used to dress up look and style according to tastes. To meet the fast pace of demands, some manufacturers now offer made-to-order bikinis ready in as few as seven minutes. The world's most expensive bikini was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen; containing 150 carats (30 g) of diamond, it was valued at £20 million. Rod Ellis The Study Of Second Language Acquisition Pdf Editor. Major variants [ ] Bikini variations have grown to include a large number of more or less revealing styles —, (topless or top and bottom connected), Trikinis (three pieces instead of two), (, bikini bottom), camikinis (, bikini bottom), bandeaukini ( top, bikini bottom), skirtini (bikini top, skirt bottom), 'granny bikini' (bikini top, boy shorts bottom), hikinis (also hipkini), seekinis (transparent), minikinis, microkinis, miniminis, slingshots (or suspender bikinis), bottoms, tie-sides (a variety of string bikini) and teardrops.

Variant Image Year Description. — A bandeaukini (alternatively called a bandini) is a top (no straps going over the shoulders) worn with any bikini bottom. It is the oldest form of bikini, with earliest examples found in (dubbed the ') dating back to 4th century AD. Reintroduced, its appeal grew fast among young women, with bandeau tops edging into the sales of the classic tankini. 1995 A microkini, including subgenres like minikini, minimini and tear-drop, is an extremely meager bikini.

The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the and, for women, the nipples. Any additional straps are merely to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between and conservative swimwear. 1964 A monokini (also called topless swimsuit, unikini or numokini) is a women's one-piece garment equivalent to the lower half of a bikini.

The term monokini is also now used for any topless swimsuit, particularly a bikini bottom worn without a top. An extreme version of the monokini, the thong-style pubikini (which exposed the region), was designed in 1985. — The skirtini, which features a bikini top and a small, skirted bottom, is also an innovation for bikini-style clothes with more coverage. Two-piece swimsuits with skirt panels were popular in the US before the government ordered a 10% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing. In 2011, identified the skirted bikini as one of the top 10 swimwear designs of the season. — The sling bikini (also known as sling-kini, suspender bikini or sling swimsuit) is an unbroken suit, technically one-piece, which resembles a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders, or encircling the neck while a second set of straps pass around the midriff (also known as pretzel bikini or pretzel swimsuit).

Sling swimsuits emerged in the early 1990s, and were introduced into the mainstream in 1994. When designed for or worn by a man, it is called a mankini, popularized by in the fim.

1974 A string bikini (or a tie-side) gets its name from its design that consists of two triangular shaped pieces connected at the but not at the sides, where a thin 'string' wraps around the waist tied together to connect the two parts. The first formal presentation of string bikini was done by Glen Tororich, a public relations agent, and his wife Brandi Perret-DuJon, a fashion model, for the opening of Le Petite Centre, a shopping area in the French Quarter of the in 1974.

String bikinis are one of the most popular variations of bikini. 1998 The tankini is a swimsuit combining a and a bikini bottom. Tankinis can be made of -and-cotton or -and-nylon. Designer, the US swimwear mogul, was the originator of this style in 1998. A variation is named camkini, with instead of tank-shaped straps over a bikini bottom. 1967 The trikini appeared briefly in 1967, defined as 'a handkerchief and two small saucers.' It reappeared in 1990s as a bikini bottom with a stringed halter of two triangular pieces covering the breasts, and in 2000s as a costume of three separate pieces.

The trikini top comes essentially in two separate parts. The name of this woman's bathing suit is formed from the word 'bikini', replacing 'bi-', meaning 'two', with 'tri-', meaning 'three'. In a variation the three pieces are sold as part of one continuous garment. A variation is called strapless bikini or a no string bikini, often a combination of two with a matching -style bottom. Bikini in sport [ ] Bikinis have become a major component of marketing various women's sports. It is an official uniform for beach volleyball and is widely worn in athletics and other sports. Sports bikinis have gained popularity since the 1990s.

However, the trend has raised some criticism as an attempt to sell sex. Female swimmers do not normally wear bikinis in competitive swimming.

The International Swimming Federation (FINA) voted to prohibit female swimmers from racing in bikinis in its meeting at Rome in 1960. Beach volleyball [ ]. Bikini is the uniform for both male and female. From the 1950s to mid-1970s, men's contest formats were often supplemented with women's beauty contests or bikini shows. The winners earned titles like Miss Body Beautiful, Miss Physical Fitness and Miss Americana, and also presented trophies to the winners of the men's contest. In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the USA and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe.

In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections – 'physique' (for a more muscular physique) and 'figure' (traditional feminine presentation in high heels). In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels. Costumes are regulation 'posing trunks' (bikini briefs) for both men and women. In America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events. For men, the dress code specifies 'swim trunks only (no shorts, cut-off pants, or Speedos).'

Other sports [ ]. Croatian, field, (left) and Bulgarian sprinter, track (right). Women in often wear bikinis of similar size as those worn in., a US high-jumper, wore a black leather bikini instead of a track suit at the. Runner mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged at the, earning her more attention than her record breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event. In the 2007, the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis.

At the in 2006, organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts. String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in, though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis. Printed a pictorial of, March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue.

The often pairs female surf meets with, an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts. It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event. Body ideals [ ]. Wax figure of six-time cover model, nicknamed 'The Body'.

Who epitomized the bikini body ideal In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole, owner of Cole of California, told that bikinis were designed for 'diminutive Gallic women', as because 'French girls have short legs. Swimsuits have to be hiked up at the sides to make their legs look longer.' In 1961, reported the opinion that the bikini is permissible for people are not 'too fat or too thin'. In the 1960s etiquette writer decreed that '[A bikini] is for perfect figures only, and for the very young.'

In The Bikini Book by, swimwear designer says, 'Anyone with a tummy' should not wear a bikini. Since then, a number of bikini designers including Malia Mills have encouraged women of all ages and body types to take up the style. The 1970s saw the rise of the of female body and figures like. Her figure remained in vogue in the 21st century.

The fitness boom of the 1980s led to one of the biggest leaps in the evolution of the bikini. According to Mills, 'The leg line became superhigh, the front was superlow, and the straps were superthin.' Women's magazines used terms like 'Bikini Belly', and workout programs were launched to develop a 'bikini-worthy body'. The tiny 'fitness-bikinis' made of were launched to cater to this hardbodied ideal. Movies like and TV like merged the concepts of bikini models and athletes together, further accentuating the toned body ideal. Some women, motivated by yearly festivities that mark the start of the bikini season in North America, engage in in an attempt to achieve the ideal bikini body.

In 1993,, then Fashion Editor of the, suggested that women had begun to 'revolt' against the 'body ideal' and bikini 'exposure.' She wrote, 'Significantly, on the beaches as on the streets, some of the youngest and prettiest women (who were once the only ones who dared to bare) seem to have decided that exposure is over.' Nevertheless, professional beach volleyball player, who competes in a bikini, claims that 'confidence' alone can make a bikini sexy. One survey commissioned by Diet Chef, a UK home delivery service, reported by and The and ridiculed by magazine, showed that women should stop wearing bikinis by the age of 47. Bikini underwear [ ] Certain types of underwear are described as bikini underwear and designed for men and women. For women, bikini or bikini-style underwear is underwear that is similar in size and form to a regular bikini.

It can refer to virtually any undergarment that provides less coverage to the than, or knickers, especially suited to clothing such as. For men, bikini briefs are undergarments that are smaller and more revealing than men's regular.

Men's bikini briefs can be low- or high-side that are usually lower than true waist, often at hips, and usually have no access pouch or flap, legs bands at tops of thighs. String bikini briefs have front and rear sections that meet in the crotch but not at the waistband, with no fabric on the side of the legs.

Swimwear and underwear have similar design considerations, both being. The main difference is that, unlike underwear, swimwear is open to public view. The swimsuit was, and is, following underwear styles, and at about the same time that attitudes towards the bikini began to change, underwear underwent a redesign towards a minimal, unboned design that emphasized comfort first. As the swimsuit was evolving, the underwear started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs. In the 1920s women started discarding the corset, while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the 'breast girdle'. During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin.

By 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most all variations of panties for the rest of the century. Warner standardized the concept of in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938. Beginning in the late thirties skants, a type of skanty men's briefs, were introduced, featuring very high-cut leg openings and a lower rise to the waistband. Designed a push-up bra to be worn by in in 1943, although Russell stated in interviews that she never wore the 'contraption'.

In 1950 introduced the first official bust enhancing bra. By the 1960s, the bikini swimsuit influenced panty styles and coincided with the cut of the new lower rise jeans and pants.

In the seventies, with the emergence of skintight jeans, thong versions of the panty became mainstream, since the open, stringed back eliminated any tell-tale panty lines across the rear and hips. By the 1980s the design of the French-cut panty pushed the waistband back up to the natural waistline and the rise of the leg openings was nearly as high (French Cut panties come up to the waist, has a high cut leg, and usually are full in the rear ). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure.

From this decade sexualization and eroticization of the male body was on the rise. The male body was celebrated through advertising campaigns for brands such as, particularly by photographers and.

Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness. Over time, swimwear evolved from weighty wool to high-tech, eventually cross-breeding with sportswear, underwear and exercise wear, resulting in the interchangeable fashions of the 1990s. Men's bikini [ ]. Men's bikini The term men's bikini is sometimes used to describe.

Men's bikinis can have high or low side panels, and string sides or tie sides. Most lack a button or flap front.

Unlike swim briefs, bikinis are not designed for drag reduction and generally lack a visible waistband. Suits less than 1.5 inches wide at the hips are less common for sporting purposes and are most often worn for recreation, fashion, and. The posing brief standard to competitions is an example of this style. Male musicians have performed on the stage wearing women's bikini briefs. The 2000 film shows men sunbathing in bikinis, who were mistakenly believed to be women from a distance.

Male bikini tops also exist and are often used as. A mankini is a type of sling swimsuit worn by men. The term is inspired by the word bikini. It was popularized by when he donned one in the film. Bikini waxing [ ]. Sources: Bikini waxing is the of beyond the bikini line by use of. The bikini line delineates the part of a woman's pubic area to be covered by the bottom part of a bikini, which means any pubic hair visible beyond the boundaries of a swimsuit.

Visible pubic hair is widely culturally disapproved, considered to be, and often removed. As popularity of bikini grew, the acceptability of pubic hair diminished. But, with certain styles of women's swimwear, pubic hair may become visible around the area of a.

With the reduction in the size of swimsuits, especially since the advent of the bikini after 1945, the practice of bikini waxing has also become popular. The Brazilian style which became popular with the rise of thong bottoms. Depending on the style of bikini-bottom and the amount of skin visible outside the bikini, pubic hair may be styled into several styles — American waxing (removal of pubic hair from the sides, top of the thighs, and under the navel), French waxing (leaves only a vertical strip in front), Brazilian waxing (removal of all hair in the pelvic area, particularly suitable for ).

Bikini tan [ ]. Tan lines created by a bikini The created by the wearing of a bikini while tanning are known as a bikini tan. A 1969 innovation of tan-through swimwear uses fabric which is perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which let enough sunlight through to produce a line-free tan.

As bikinis leave most of the body exposed to potentially dangerous radiation, overexposure can cause,, as well as other acute and chronic on the skin, eyes, and. As a result, medical organizations recommend that bikini wearers protect themselves from UV radiation by using broad-spectrum, which has been shown to protect against sunburn, skin cancer, wrinkling and sagging skin. Certain sunscreen ingredients can cause harm if they penetrate the skin over time.

Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012 Pdf Free Download

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