Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard Product Key Generator

Yes it is possible to perform with no strange tools at all. Before you start you need to have your product key (either a MAK or a KMS client key) Step-by-Step • Start an elevated command or powershell prompt. • Execute “slmgr /dlv” to get information on the current status. • Execute “dism /online /get-currentedition” to get the current edition, it should be an Evaledition • Execute “dism /online /set-edition:ServerStandard /productkey:D2N9P-3P6X9-2R39C-7RTCD-MDVJX /accepteula” • The key in this case is the KMS Client key for Windows Server 2012 R2 and you can get all those keys from • Restart the server (it will reboot twice) • Done /mike.

Jan 05, 2017 Windows7 Enterprise Product/Serial key is the best remedy to activate Windows 7 Enterprise all versions like 32bit and 64bit. These keys make all.

Screenshot of Windows 2000 Server with Configure Your Server component. It is the main hub configuring Windows 2000 network services. Source model December 15, 1999; 18 years ago ( 1999-12-15) February 17, 2000; 17 years ago ( 2000-02-17) Service Pack 4 (5.0.2195) / September 13, 2005; 12 years ago ( 2005-09-13) Update method Platforms type Preceded by (1996) Succeeded by (2001) and (2003) Support status Mainstream support ended on June 30, 2005 Extended support ended on July 13, 2010 Windows 2000 is an for use on both and computers. It was produced by and on December 15, 1999, and launched to retail on February 17, 2000.

It is the successor to, and is the last version of Microsoft Windows to display the 'Windows NT' designation. It is succeeded by (released in October 2001) and (released in April 2003).

During development, Windows 2000 was known as Windows NT 5.0. Four editions of Windows 2000 were released: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 was targeted at a different market, they shared a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the and standard applications. Windows 2000 introduces 3.0,, as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. Support for people with disabilities was improved over with a number of new, and Microsoft increased support for different languages and information. The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features including the ability to provide services.

Windows 2000 can be installed through either a manual or unattended installation. Unattended installations rely on the use of to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft, by the. Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever at the time; however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such as and.

For ten years after its release, it continued to receive patches for security nearly every month until reaching the end of its lifecycle on July 13, 2010. See also: Windows 2000 is a continuation of the Microsoft family of operating systems, replacing. The original name for the operating system was Windows NT 5.0 and its Beta 1 was released in September 1997, followed by Beta 2 in August 1998. On October 27, 1998, Microsoft announced that the name of the final version of the operating system would be Windows 2000, a name which referred to its projected release date. Windows 2000 Beta 3 was released in January 1999.

NT 5.0 Beta 1 was similar to NT 4.0, including a very similar themed logo. NT 5.0 Beta 2 introduced a new 'mini' boot screen, and removed the 'dark space' theme in the logo. The NT 5.0 betas had very long startup and shutdown sounds, though these were changed in the early Windows 2000 beta, but during Beta 3, a new -made startup and shutdown sounds were made, featured in the final version as well as in.

The new login prompt from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build 1946 (the first build of Beta 3). The new, updated icons (for My Computer, Recycle Bin etc.) first appeared in Beta 3 build 1976. The Windows 2000 boot screen in the final version first appeared in Beta 3 build 1994. Windows 2000 did not have a codename because, according to Dave Thompson of Windows NT team, ' didn't like codenames'. Windows 2000 was codenamed 'Asteroid' and Windows 2000 64-bit was codenamed 'Janus.'

During development, there was a build for the which was abandoned some time after RC1 after announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft issued three release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released the operating system to partners on December 12, 1999. The public could buy the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000.

Three days before this event, which Microsoft advertised as 'a standard in reliability,' a leaked memo from Microsoft reported on by revealed that Windows 2000 had 'over 63,000 potential known defects.' After Foley's article was published, she claimed that Microsoft her for a considerable time. However, et al.

Claim in their computer science textbook that 'Windows 2000 was the most reliable, stable operating system Microsoft had ever shipped to that point. Much of this reliability came from maturity in the source code, extensive stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many serious errors in drivers.'

Summarized the release 'our tests show the successor to NT 4.0 is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either.'

Later described the results of the February launch as 'lackluster.' Criticized Microsoft's, the new directory service architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own (NDS) alternative.

Windows 2000 was first planned to replace both and Windows NT 4.0. However, this changed later. Instead, an updated version of Windows 98 called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in 1999; this was followed by (the last DOS-based Windows ever released) in the summer of 2000. On or shortly before February 12, 2004, 'portions of the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 were illegally made available on the Internet.'

The source of the leak remains unannounced. Microsoft issued the following statement: 'Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it.' Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the networks. On February 16, 2004, an 'allegedly discovered by an individual studying the leaked source code' for certain versions of was reported.

Microsoft planned to release a 64-bit version of Windows 2000, which would run on Intel, in 2000. However, the first officially-released 64-bit editions of Windows were Windows Datacenter Server Limited Edition and later Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition, which were based on the pre-release (then known as Windows.NET Server) codebase. These editions were released in 2002, were shortly available through the OEM channel and then were superseded by the final versions of. New and updated features [ ] Windows 2000 introduced many of the new features of and Windows 98 SE into the NT line, such as the, (, which came in 2001, is also available for Windows 2000),,, support,,,, support etc. Certain new features are common across all editions of Windows 2000, among them NTFS 3.0, the (MMC), support, the (EFS),, Image Color Management 2.0, support for -based printers, (.OTF) and (.PFB) font support (including a new font——to showcase some OpenType features ), the (DPAPI), an /-enabled, usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. Windows 2000 also introduced device class drivers for USB printers,, and improved FireWire support for printers and scanners, along with a Safe removal applet for storage devices. Windows 2000 is also the first Windows version to support at the operating system level (OS-controlled S4 sleep state) unlike Windows 98 which required special drivers from the hardware manufacturer or driver developer.

A new capability designed to protect critical system files called was introduced. This protects critical Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as the Package Installer, and other update components from modifying them. The utility provides users the ability to perform a manual scan of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally repair them, either by restoring from a cache stored in a separate 'DLLCACHE' directory, or from the original install media. Microsoft recognized that a serious error (a ) or a stop error could cause problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred. Also included is an option to any of the first 64 of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000. In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing the operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications.

Windows 2000 also introduced core system administration and management features as the, and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) into the operating system. Plug and Play and hardware support improvements [ ] The most notable improvement from is the addition of Plug and Play with full and support.

Similar to, Windows 2000 supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs and device notification events. The addition of the kernel PnP Manager along with the Power Manager are two significant subsystems added in Windows 2000. Windows 2000 introduced version 3 print drivers (user mode printer drivers). Generic support for 5-button mice is also included as standard and installing allows reassigning the programmable buttons.

Windows 98 lacked generic support. Was introduced to stress test and catch device driver bugs. Shell [ ] Windows 2000 introduces layered windows that allow for transparency, translucency and various transition effects like shadows, gradient fills and alpha blended GUI elements to top-level windows. Menus support a new Fade transition effect. Improvements in: 'Web-style' folders, media preview and customizable toolbars The in Windows 2000 introduces personalized menus, expandable and the ability to launch multiple programs without closing the menu by holding down the SHIFT key.

A Re-sort button forces the entire Start Menu to be sorted by name. The introduces support for balloon notifications which can also be used by application developers. Windows 2000 Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbars, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, advanced file type association features, displaying comments in shortcuts as tooltips, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, integrated search pane in Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menus, and Places bar in common dialogs for Open and Save. Has been enhanced in several ways in Windows 2000.

It is the first release to include, first introduced as a part of (specifically ), and only pre-installed in by that time. It allowed users to customize the way folders look and behave by using templates, having the HTT. This feature was abused by that employed malicious scripts, applets, or controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C and VBS.Redlof.a. The 'Web-style' folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows 2000.

For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane. Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in, Windows 2000 had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default.

However, such a previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the installed through the use of folder customization templates. The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments; this metadata may be read from a special stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE stream, if the file is a structured storage document. All documents since Office 4.0 make use of, so their metadata is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default. Can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer Details view. The right pane of Windows 2000 Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer.

It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using elements in folder template files. This degree of customizability is new to Windows 2000; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it. The new DHTML-based search pane is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions. The has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database. NTFS 3.0 [ ]. Main article: Microsoft released the version 3.0 of NTFS (sometimes incorrectly called NTFS 5 in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this introduced (provided by QuotaAdvisor),, and. Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros.

Allow the to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. Reparse points are used to implement,,, Native and.

Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another. Windows 2000 also introduces a Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure file shortcuts remain working even if the target is moved or renamed. The target object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file on NTFS 3.0 and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts, so that the shortcut file may be silently updated if the target moves, even to another hard drive. Encrypting File System [ ].

Main article: The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong -level to Windows. Yamaha Mm6 Midi Files Download here. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user. EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's and the EFS File System Library (FSRTL).

To date, its encryption has not been compromised. [ ] EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an were used. The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header.

It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built into EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using. Basic and dynamic disk storage [ ].

Main article: Windows 2000 introduced the and the command line tool for. All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volumes, spanned volumes and striped volumes: • Simple volume, a volume with disk space from one disk. • Spanned volumes, where up to 32 disks show up as one, increasing it in size but not enhancing performance. When one disk fails, the array is destroyed. Some data may be recoverable. This corresponds to and not to.

• Striped volumes, also known as, store all their data across several disks in stripes. This allows better performance because disk reads and writes are balanced across multiple disks. Like spanned volumes, when one disk in the array fails, the entire array is destroyed (some data may be recoverable). In addition to these disk volumes, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity: • Mirrored volumes, also known as, store identical copies of their data on 2 or more identical disks ( mirrored). This allows for fault tolerance; in the event one disk fails, the other disk(s) can keep the server operational until the server can be shut down for replacement of the failed disk. • Striped volumes with parity, also known as, functions similar to striped volumes/RAID-0, except 'parity data' is written out across each of the disks in addition to the data. This allows the data to be 'rebuilt' in the event a disk in the array needs replacement.

Accessibility [ ] With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other into the NT-line of operating systems. These included: •: makes modifier keys ( ALT, CTRL and SHIFT) become 'sticky': a user can press the, and then release it before pressing the combination key. (Activated by pressing Shift five times quickly.) •: a group of -related features for people with typing issues, including: • Slow Keys: Ignore any keystroke not held down for a certain period.

• Bounce Keys: Ignore repeated keystrokes pressed in quick succession. • Repeat Keys: lets users slow down the rate at which keys are repeated via the keyboard's key-repeat feature. • Toggle Keys: when turned on, Windows will play a sound when the CAPS LOCK, NUM LOCK or SCROLL LOCK key is pressed.

• SoundSentry: designed to help users with auditory impairments, Windows 2000 shows a visual effect when a sound is played through the sound system. •: lets users move the cursor around the screen via the. • SerialKeys: lets Windows 2000 support speech augmentation devices. • High contrast theme: to assist users with visual impairments. •: a that enlarges a part of the screen the cursor is over. Additionally, Windows 2000 introduced the following new accessibility features: •: displays a on the screen and allows users to press its keys using a or a. •: introduced in Windows 2000, this is a that utilizes the 4, which would later be updated to Speech API 5 in • Utility Manager: an application designed to start, stop, and manage when accessibility features start.

This was eventually replaced in with the Center. • Accessibility Wizard: a control panel applet that helps users set up their computer for people with disabilities. Languages and locales [ ]. Main article: Windows 2000 introduced the (MUI).

Besides English, Windows 2000 incorporates support for,,, Central European,,,,,, Japanese,,,,,, and Western European languages. It also has support for many different locales. Games [ ] Windows 2000 included version 7.0 of the, commonly used by on. The last version of DirectX that Windows 2000 supports is DirectX 9.0c (Shader Model 3.0), that shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9.0c through the February 2010 release after which support was dropped in the June 2010 SDK.

These updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as,, and components. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9.0c (up to the February 2010 release) can therefore run on Windows 2000. Windows 2000 included the same games as did:,,, and. System utilities [ ].

Windows 2000's Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. This image shows a in progress. Windows 2000 introduced the (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called a console, and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000 computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins.

These can be either standalone (with one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode. Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console.

The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel). This contains the —a means of seeing events and the Windows equivalent of a, a system information utility,, and management consoles to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage applications, configure, manage all the local users and user groups, and a. It contains and Removable Storage snap-ins, a as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts. It also contains a configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts.

Has significant performance improvements. Windows 2000 comes with two utilities to edit the, REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE. REGEDIT has been directly ported from, and therefore does not support editing registry permissions. REGEDT32 has the older multiple document interface (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32 program could. REGEDIT has a left-side of the, lists all loaded and represents the three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table.

REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. REGEDIT supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions to be performed from the top. Is the first system to integrate these two programs into a single utility, adopting the REGEDIT behavior with the additional NT features. The (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. It is a utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the mechanism. It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder.

Recovery Console [ ]. Main article: The is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000.

It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk. It includes commands like 'fixmbr', which are not present in MS-DOS.

It has a simple interface, used to check and repair the hard drive(s), repair boot information (including ), replace corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot. The console can be accessed in either of the two ways: • Booting from the Windows 2000 CD, and choosing to start the Recovery Console from the CD itself instead of continuing with setup. The Recovery Console is accessible as long as the installation CD is available. • Preinstalling the Recovery Console on the hard disk as a startup option in, via WinNT32.exe, with the /cmdcons switch. In this case, it can only be started as long as can boot from the.

Windows Scripting Host 2.0 [ ]. Main article: Windows 2000 introduced Windows Script Host 2.0 which included an expanded object model and support for logon and logoff scripts. Networking [ ] • Starting with Windows 2000, the (SMB) protocol directly interfaces with. In Windows NT 4.0, SMB requires the (NBT) protocol to work on a TCP/IP network.

• Windows 2000 introduces a client-side DNS caching service. When the Windows DNS resolver receives a query response, the DNS resource record is added to a cache. When it queries the same resource record name again and it is found in the cache, then the resolver does not query the DNS server. This speeds up DNS query time and reduces network traffic. Server family features [ ] The Windows 2000 server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Small Business Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. All editions of Windows 2000 Server have the following services and features built in: • (RRAS) support, facilitating and connections using, or, support for authentication in, network connection sharing,, and schemes. • Remote access security features: Remote Access Policies for setup, verify Caller ID (IP address for VPNs), callback and Remote access account lockout • Autodial by location feature using the Remote Access Auto Connection Manager • support in (EAP-MD5 and EAP-TLS) later upgraded to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAP-EAP-TLS in Windows 2000 SP4 • server, including support for.

Relies heavily on DNS. • support and TCP/IP filtering • support • Microsoft Connection Manager Administration Kit (CMAK) and Connection Point Services • Support for (DFS) • support including remote storage, a service that runs with and automatically transfers files that are not used for some time to less expensive storage media • volumes, namely and • (part of ) • IntelliMirror, a collection of technologies for fine-grained of Windows 2000 Professional clients that duplicates users' data, applications, files, and settings in a centralized location on the network. IntelliMirror employs technologies such as,,,, (also known as Client Side Caching or CSC), (FRS), Remote Installation Services (RIS) to address desktop management scenarios such as user data management, user settings management, software installation and maintenance. •, and • • 3.0 • (including, Secure channel and (Negotiate) SSP packages for (SSPI)). • v2 protocol • (PKI) and support • and support for the (RDP) • (IIS) 5.0 and 4.1 • Network features • A new Windows Time service which is an implementation of (SNTP) as detailed in IETF. The Windows Time service synchronizes the date and time of computers in a domain running on Windows 2000 Server or later. Windows 2000 Professional includes an SNTP client.

The Server editions include more features and components, including the Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS), Active Directory support and fault-tolerant storage. Distributed File System [ ].

Main article: The Distributed File System (DFS) allows in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. When users try to access a off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct and share. A DFS root can only exist on a Windows 2000 version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server. There can be two ways of implementing a DFS namespace on Windows 2000: either through a standalone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots on the local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other within the domain – this provides to DFS. DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server.

The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft (FRS). Active Directory [ ].

Main article: A new way of organizing, or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows 2000 to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model. Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous space to form trees.

Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together to form forests. Active Directory services could always be installed on a Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows 2000 Professional computer.

However, Windows 2000 Professional is the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function until all clients were upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional, at which point the Active Directory domain could be switched to and maximum functionality achieved. Active Directory requires a DNS server that supports, or that an organization's existing DNS infrastructure be upgraded to support this. There should be one or more to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory. Volume fault tolerance [ ] Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of Windows 2000 also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes: • Mirrored volumes: the volume contains several disks, and when data is written to one it is also written to the other disks. This means that if one disk fails, the data can be totally recovered from the other disk.

Mirrored volumes are also known as. • RAID-5 volumes: a volume consists of multiple disks, and it uses -level striping with parity data distributed across all member disks. Should a disk fail in the array, the parity blocks from the surviving disks are combined mathematically with the data blocks from the surviving disks to reconstruct the data on the failed drive 'on-the-fly.' Deployment [ ] Windows 2000 system requirements Minimum Recommended PCs CPU Pentium 133 MHz Pentium II 300 MHz Memory 32 MB (128 MB for Server) 128 MB Hard drive 1 GB (2 GB for Server) 5 GB Graphics hardware 800×600 VGA or better monitor 1024×768 VGA or better monitor Input device(s) Keyboard or mouse Keyboard and mouse Windows 2000 can be to a site via various methods. It can be installed onto servers via traditional media (such as CD) or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or unattended. During a manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options.

Unattended installations are scripted via an, or a predefined script in the form of an that has all the options filled in. An answer file can be created manually or using the graphical Setup manager.

The Winnt.exe or Winnt32.exe program then uses that answer file to automate the installation. Unattended installations can be performed via a bootable CD, using Microsoft (SMS), via the, via the Winnt32.exe program using the /syspart switch or via (RIS). The ability to a into the original operating system setup files is also introduced in Windows 2000. The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer – though the hardware need not be similar – and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer to the target computers. The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware configured later.

The Winnt.exe program must also be passed a /unattend switch that points to a valid answer file and a /s file that points to one or more valid installation sources. Sysprep allows the duplication of a on an existing Windows 2000 Server installation to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the reference and target computers must have the same, support, and mass storage devices – though Windows 2000 automatically detects ' devices. The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows 2000 to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. (If a system had different HALs, mass storage devices or ACPI support, then multiple images would need to be maintained.) Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows 2000.

These must be running Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98 or Windows 95 OSR2.x along with the SMS client agent that can receive software installation operations. Using SMS allows installations over a wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems. (RIS) are a means to automatically install Windows 2000 Professional (and not Windows 2000 Server) to a local computer over a network from a central server. Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID (SID) for the machine.

This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows 2000 Professional computers on a network. RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a that has a (PXE) boot installed or that the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote generator. The must also meet the specification. The server that RIS runs on must be Windows 2000 Server and it must be able to access a network Service, a service and the Active Directory services. Editions [ ] Microsoft released various editions of Windows 2000 for different markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each was packaged separately.

Windows 2000 Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for businesses and. It is the client version of Windows 2000. It offers greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop operating systems.

It supports up to two, and can address up to 4 of. The system requirements are a Pentium processor (or equivalent) of 133 MHz or greater, at least 32 MB of RAM, 650 MB of hard drive space, and a drive (recommended:, 128 MB of RAM, 2 GB of hard drive space, and CD-ROM drive). Windows 2000 Server shares the same with Windows 2000 Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to perform roles and run infrastructure and.

A significant new component introduced in the server versions is, which is an enterprise-wide directory service based on (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). Additionally, Microsoft integrated network authentication, replacing the often-criticised (NT LAN Manager) authentication system used in previous versions.

This also provided a purely relationship between Windows 2000 in a (a collection of one or more Windows 2000 domains that share a common, configuration, and, being linked with two-way ). Furthermore, Windows 2000 introduced a which allows dynamic registration of addresses. Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and 4GB of RAM, with a minimum requirement of 128 MB of RAM and 1 GB hard disk space, however requirements may be higher depending on installed components. Windows 2000 Advanced Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server operating system designed for medium-to-large businesses. It offers infrastructure for and of applications and services, including support for up to 8 CPUs, a main memory amount of up to 8 gigabytes (GB) on (PAE) systems and the ability to do 8-way. It supports and enhanced two-node server clusters based on the (MSCS) in Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition. System requirements are similar to those of Windows 2000 Server, however they may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure.

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server is a variant of Windows 2000 Server designed for large businesses that move large quantities of confidential or sensitive data frequently via a central. Like Advanced Server, it supports, and. Its minimum are normal, but it was designed to be capable of handing advanced, fault-tolerant and hardware—for instance computers with up to 32 CPUs and 32 RAM, with rigorous system testing and qualification, hardware partitioning, coordinated maintenance and. System requirements are similar to those of Windows 2000 Advanced Server, however they may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure.

Windows 2000 Datacenter Server was released to manufacturing on August 11, 2000 and launched on September 26, 2000. This edition was based on Windows 2000 with Service Pack 1 and was not available at retail. Service packs [ ] Windows 2000 has received four full and one rollup update package following SP4, which is the last service pack.

These were: SP1 on August 15, 2000, SP2 on May 16, 2001, SP3 on August 29, 2002 and SP4 on June 26, 2003. Microsoft phased out all development of its (JVM) from Windows 2000 in SP3. Internet Explorer 5.01 has also been upgraded to the corresponding service pack level.

Microsoft had originally intended to release a fifth service pack for Windows 2000, but Microsoft cancelled this project early in its development, and instead released Update Rollup 1 for SP4, a collection of all the security-related and some other significant issues. The Update Rollup does not include all non-security related hotfixes and is not subjected to the same extensive regression testing as a full service pack. Microsoft states that this update will meet customers' needs better than a whole new service pack, and will still help Windows 2000 customers secure their PCs, reduce support costs, and support existing computer hardware.

Security [ ] During the Windows 2000 period, the nature of attacks on Windows servers changed: more attacks came from remote sources via the Internet. This has led to an overwhelming number of malicious programs exploiting the IIS services – specifically a notorious buffer overflow tendency. This tendency is not operating-system-version specific, but rather configuration-specific: it depends on the services that are enabled.

Following this, a common complaint is that 'by default, Windows 2000 installations contain numerous potential security problems. Many unneeded services are installed and enabled, and there is no active local security policy.'

In addition to insecure defaults, according to the, the most common flaws discovered are remotely exploitable vulnerabilities. Other criticized flaws include the use of vulnerable encryption techniques. Code Red and were famous (and much discussed) worms that exploited vulnerabilities of the of Windows 2000's (IIS). In August 2003, security researchers estimated that two major worms called and infected more than half a million Microsoft Windows computers.

The 2005 worm was blamed for security compromises on Windows 2000 machines at,, the, and the. On September 8, 2009, Microsoft skipped patching two of the five security flaws that were addressed in the monthly security update, saying that patching one of the critical security flaws was 'infeasible.' According to Microsoft Security Bulletin MS09-048: 'The architecture to properly support protection does not exist on Microsoft Windows 2000 systems, making it infeasible to build the fix for Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 to eliminate the vulnerability. To do so would require re-architecting a very significant amount of the Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 operating system, [.] there would be no assurance that applications designed to run on Microsoft Windows 2000 Service Pack 4 would continue to operate on the updated system.' No patches for this flaw were however released for the newer (32-bit) and either, despite both also being affected; Microsoft suggested turning on in those versions.

Support lifecycle [ ] Windows 2000 was superseded by newer Microsoft operating systems: Windows 2000 Server products by, and Windows 2000 Professional. The Windows 2000 family of operating systems moved from mainstream support to the extended support phase on June 30, 2005.

Microsoft says that this marks the progression of Windows 2000 through the Windows lifecycle policy. Under mainstream support, Microsoft freely provides design changes if any, service packs and non-security related updates in addition to security updates, whereas in extended support, service packs are not provided and non-security updates require contacting the support personnel by e-mail or phone.

Under the extended support phase, Microsoft continued to provide critical security updates every month for all components of Windows 2000 (including Internet Explorer 5.0 SP4) and paid per-incident support for technical issues. Because of Windows 2000's age, updated versions of components such as and have not been released for it. In the case of Internet Explorer, Microsoft said in 2005 that, 'some of the security work in IE 7 relies on operating system functionality in XP SP2 that is non-trivial to port back to Windows 2000.' While users of Windows 2000 Professional and Server were eligible to purchase the upgrade license for Windows Vista Business or Windows Server 2008, neither of these operating systems can directly perform an upgrade installation from Windows 2000; a clean installation must be performed instead or a two-step upgrade through XP/2003. Microsoft has dropped the upgrade path from Windows 2000 (and earlier) to Windows 7.

Users of Windows 2000 must buy a full Windows 7 license. Although Windows 2000 is the last NT-based version of Microsoft Windows which does not include, Microsoft has introduced for certain downloads and non-critical updates from the Download Center for Windows 2000.

Windows 2000 reached the end of its lifecycle on July 13, 2010. It will not receive new security updates and new security-related hotfixes after this date. In Japan, over 130,000 servers and 500,000 PCs in local governments were affected; many local governments said that they will not update as they do not have funds to cover a replacement. As of 2011 still supports the Windows 2000 updates available on in July 2010, e.g., if older optional Windows 2000 features are enabled later. Microsoft Office products under Windows 2000 have their own product lifecycles.

While for did receive security patches up until it lost support, this is not the case for IE6 under Windows 2000. The installed monthly by Windows Update for XP and later versions can be still downloaded manually for Windows 2000.

Total cost of ownership [ ] In October 2002, Microsoft commissioned to determine the (TCO) for on Windows 2000 versus the TCO of the same applications on. IDC's report is based on telephone interviews of IT executives and managers of 104 North American companies in which they determined what they were using for a specific workload for file, print, security and networking services. IDC determined that the four areas where Windows 2000 had a better TCO than Linux – over a period of five years for an average organization of 100 employees – were file, print, network infrastructure and security infrastructure. They determined, however, that Linux had a better TCO than Windows 2000 for web serving. The report also found that the greatest cost was not in the procurement of software and hardware, but in staffing costs and downtime. While the report applied a 40% productivity factor during IT infrastructure downtime, recognizing that employees are not entirely unproductive, it did not consider the impact of downtime on the profitability of the business.

The report stated that Linux servers had less unplanned downtime than Windows 2000 servers. It found that most Linux servers ran less workload per server than Windows 2000 servers and also that none of the businesses interviewed used 4-way Linux computers. The report also did not take into account specific – servers that need low maintenance and are provided by a specific vendor. The report did emphasize that TCO was only one factor in considering whether to use a particular IT platform, and also noted that as management and server software improved and became better packaged the overall picture shown could change. See also [ ]. Archived from on April 2, 2003. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

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Further reading [ ] • Bolosky, William J.; Corbin, Scott; Goebel, David; & Douceur, John R. Microsoft Research & Balder Technology Group, Inc. (white paper). • Bozman, Jean; Gillen, Al; Kolodgy, Charles; Kusnetzky, Dan; Perry, Randy; & Shiang, David (October 2002). IDC, sponsored by Microsoft Corporation.

• Finnel, Lynn (2000). MCSE Exam 70–215, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server...

• Microsoft.. Windows 2000 Resource Kit.

Retrieved May 4, 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2005.

• Minasi, Mark (1993). Installing Windows 2000 of Mastering Windows 2000 Server. • Russinovich, Mark (October 1997). Windows IT Pro. • Russinovich, Mark (2002).

Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine). • Saville, John (January 9, 2000).

Windows IT Pro (formerly Windows 2000 Magazine). • Siyan, Kanajit S. 'Windows 2000 Professional Reference.' • Solomon, David; & Russinovich, Mark E. (Third Edition).

Microsoft Press.. • Tanenbaum, Andrew S.

(2001), Modern Operating Systems (2nd Edition), Prentice-Hall • Trott, Bob (October 27, 1998). • Wallace, Rick (2000). MCSE Exam 70–210, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional. Microsoft Press.. External links [ ] Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: • • • •.